WASHINGTON — Richard Grenell, the longtime Republican foreign policy adviser who oversaw far reaching changes at the Kennedy Center that prompted many artists to abandon the iconic performing arts venue, will step down as the institution's president.
Ric Grenell, former acting director of national intelligence, speaks July 17, 2024, during the Republican National Convention in Milwaukee.
J. Scott Applewhite, Associated PresskAm!C6D:56?E s@?2=5 %CF>A 2??@F?465 E96 492?86 :? 2 D@4:2= >65:2 A@DE @? uC:52J 27E6C :E H2D 7:CDE C6A@CE65 3J pI:@D] %96 AC6D:56?E D2:5 |2EE u=@42[ H9@ >2?286D E96 z6??65J r6?E6CVD 724:=:E:6D @A6C2E:@?D[ H:== DF44665 vC6?6==]k^Am
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A woman walks Feb. 2 outside the John F. Kennedy Memorial Center for the Performing Arts in Washington.
Rahmat Gul, Associated Press
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There is no American music that doesn’t have Black roots. From country-western, which draws upon banjo music from Africa, to rock ‘n’ roll, begun by a Black woman playing electric guitar in 1938, American music can’t be separated out from its rich history of diversity and experimentation.
Every artist transforms his or her medium simply by working in it, and it so follows that every musician changes the art form slightly just by creating and performing songs. But throughout American history, there are examples of artists who have been so transformative as to change musical genres themselves. Other times, artists unwittingly create new genres—whether Fela Kuti with Afrobeat, Frankie Knuckles with house music, or Fats Domino with ska.
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- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: 1868 (approximate—actual birth date unknown)
- Died: April 1, 1917
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 4, 1901
- Died: July 6, 1971
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 15, 1894
- Died: Sept. 26, 1937
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- Anthony Barboza // Getty Images
- Born: May 8, 1911
- Died: Aug. 16, 1938
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kAm%96 =686?5 8@6D E92E #@36CE y@9?D@? D@=5 9:D D@F= E@ E96 56G:= 2E |:DD:DD:AA: 4C@DDC@25D E@ 82:? 9:D 8F:E2C\A=2J:?8 AC@H6DD E92E D66>65 E@ D9@H FA @G6C?:89E] z?@H? 2D E96 7:CDE 3=F6D>2? @7 >@56C? p>6C:42? >FD:4 WDA64:7:42==J E96 s6=E2 3=F6D DEJ=6X[ y@9?D@? C64@C565 EF?6D :? `hbe 2?5 `hbf :? C@@> c`c @7 E96 vF?E6C w@E6= :? $2? p?E@?:@[ %6I2D[ H9:49 H2D D6E FA 2D 2 E6>A@C2CJ C64@C5:?8 DEF5:@] %9@D6 EC24<D H6C6 7:?2==J AC@A6C=J 4@>A:=65 2D “%96 r@>A=6E6 #64@C5:?8D” :? `hh_] p >6>36C @7 E96 “af 4=F3[” y@9?D@?’D 562E9 W6:E96C 3J >FC56C[ A?6F>@?:2[ @C DJA9:=:DX :D D9C@F565 :? 2D >F49 >JDE6CJ 2D 9:D =:76]k^Am
- Delta Haze Corporation // Wikimedia Commons
- Born: April 29, 1899
- Died: May 24, 1974
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i kDA2?mkDA2?mkDA2?mkDA2?mkDA2?mkDA2?m“|@@5 x?5:8@” W`hb_Xk^DA2?mk^DA2?mk^DA2?mk^DA2?mk^DA2?mk^DA2?mk^Am
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kAm k^Am
- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 7, 1915
- Died: July 17, 1959
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$EC2?86 uCF:E” W`hbhXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i !2F=2 (6DE[ y@6J pC:2D[ y@?: |:E496==k^Am
kAmp J@F?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^a_`_^``^`h^`b`cd`cch^3:==:6\9@=:52J\6>@E:@?2=\A@H6C\E9C@F89\D@?8Qmq:==:6 w@=:52J =:DE6?65 E@ `ha_D q6DD:6 $>:E9 2?5 {@F:D pC>DEC@?8 C64@C5Dk^2m @? 2 ':4EC@=2 2E E96 3C@E96= H96C6 D96 D4CF3365 7=@@CD] qFE :?DE625 @7 >:>:4<:?8 E96:C G@42=D[ w@=:52J 925 2 5:776C6?E 2AAC@249i 2 9FD965[ 2=>@DE C6=F4E2?E G@:46 4=@2<65 :? DFDA6?D6 E92E H2D DF:E65 A6C764E=J 7@C ?6H k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]D>:E9D@?:2?>28]4@>^2CED\4F=EFC6^H92E\>2<6D\3:==:6\9@=:52J\D@\A@H6C7F=\E@52J\`g_hdcghb^Qm>:4C@A9@?6 E649?@=@8J :? E96 `hb_Dk^2m E92E 4@F=5 2>A=:7J 96C D@F?5] $96 H2D 42E2AF=E65 :?E@ E96 DA@E=:89E H:E9 96C `hbh C64@C5:?8 @7 “$EC2?86 uCF:E[” 2 AC@E6DE D@?8 23@FE E96 =J?49:?8D @7 p7C:42? p>6C:42?D]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: July 8, 1908
- Died: Feb. 4, 1975
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl!#eAwE:}%0<Qmr2=5@?:2k^2m” W`hcdXk^Am
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kAm{@F:D y@C52? :D 46=63C2E65 7@C D6CG:?8 2D 2 3C:586 36EH66? 3=F6D 2?5 ;2KK @? @?6 D:56[ C@4< ‘?’ C@== 2?5 #U2>Ajq @? E96 @E96C—62C?:?8 9:> E96 >@?:<6C “%96 z:?8 @7 #U2>Ajq]” q69:?5\E96\D46?6D[ y@C52? D9@H65 2? F?42??J 23:=:EJ E@ C625 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]4@FCEE962EC6]@C8^23@FE^3=@8^=@F:D\;@C52?\4FEE:?8\6586^Qm492?8:?8 >FD:42= E2DE6D 2?5 2 D9:7E:?8 >FD:4\AC@5F4E:@? D46?6k^2m[ 2D E96 p>6C:42? u656C2E:@? @7 |FD:4:2?D H6?E @? 2 EH@\J62C DEC:<6 5FC:?8 y@C52?’D 6IE6?565 DE2J H:E9 E96 %J>A2?J u:G6 :? E96 |:5H6DE] w:D C:D6 4@:?4:565 H:E9 4@?7FD:@? :? E96 >FD:4 :?5FDECJ 2D ;F<63@I6D 2?5 C25:@ A=2J=:DED 5:DE@CE65 :?4@>6 DEC62>D H:E9:? E96 :?5FDECJ]k^Am
kAmy@C52?’D A@AF=2C:EJ DA2??65 EH@ 564256D 7C@> E96 ‘b_D E@ E96 ‘d_D 2?5 :?4=F565 5F6ED H:E9 D@>6 @7 E96 E:>6’D >@DE >2;@C 24ED :?4=F5:?8 {@F:D pC>DEC@?8[ q:?8 rC@D3J[ 2?5 t==2 u:EK86C2=5] w6 DA2??65 6?E:C6 >FD:42= 86?C6D 7C@> 3:8 32?5 E@ ;F>A 3=F6D 2?5 62C?65 C@=6D :? ?F>6C@FD AC@>@ 7:=> 4=:AD 2D H6== 2D 762EFC6\=6?8E9 7:=>D] w6 H2D 2 8:7E65 A=2J6C @7 E96 D2I[ A:2?@[ 2?5 4=2C:?6E[ 2?5 H2D 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D64@?592?5D@?8D]4@>^2CE:DE^``_e`^H@C<DQm>2;@C HC:E6C 2?5 4@\HC:E6C @7 :4@?:4 D@?8D E9C@F89@FE E96 a_E9 46?EFCJk^2m :?4=F5:?8 “ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^J@FEF]36^*5"yb"_F9*tQm{6E E96 v@@5 %:>6D #@==k^2m” 2?5 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^J@FEF]36^d{v=f_'vG>8QmxD *@F xD @C xD *@F p:?’E |J q23Jk^2m]”k^Am
- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 10, 1917
- Died: Feb. 17, 1982
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$EC2:89E[ }@ r92D6C” W`hefXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i w6C3:6 w2?4@4<[ y@9? r@=EC2?6k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E962E=2?E:4]4@>^6?E6CE2:?>6?E^2C49:G6^a_`f^`_^E96=@?:@FD\>@?<D\BF:6E\D=@H\4@?BF6DE\@7\E96\;2KK\H@C=5^dcahbf^Qm%96=@?:@FD |@?<k^2m—2? 62C=J 7@F?56C @7 363@A 2?5 >@56C? ;2KK—:D H:56=J C6G6C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 H@C=5’D 8C62E6DE ;2KK A:2?:DED :? 9:DE@CJ] |@?< H2D =2C86=J :?DA:C65 3J DEC:56 A:2?@[ 2 DEJ=6 56G6=@A65 2=@?8 E96 62DE 4@2DE W>2:?=J :? w2C=6>X :? E96 `hb_D 2?5 ‘c_D H96C63J E96 =67E 92?5 A=2JD 2 7@FC\362E AF=D6 H9:=6 E96 C:89E 92?5 <66AD >6=@5J—2 DEJ=6 :?:E:2==J A@AF=2C:K65 3J C28E:>6 >FD:4:2?D =:<6 $4@EE y@A=:? 2?5 FD65 3J >FD:4:2?D =:<6 sF<6 t==:?8E@? 2?5 y2>6D !] y@9?D@?[ H9@ |@?< 4@F?E65 2>@?8 9:D 3:886DE :?7=F6?46D]k^Am
kAm|@?< A=2J65 H:E9 G2C:@FD 8C@FAD W2?5 76==@H 962GJH6:89ED =:<6 s:KKJ v:==6DA:6 2?5 r92C=:6 !2C<6CX 2E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>:?E@?D92C=6>]4@>^23@FE\>:?E@?D^Qm|:?E@?’D !=2J9@FD6k^2m[ 2 ;2KK 4=F3 :? w2C=6> E92E D6CG65 2D 2? :?DE:EFE:@? DE:== DE2?5:?8 E@52J :? H9:49 363@A 2?5 >@56C?\52J ;2KK H6C6 3@C?] w6 3682? C64@C5:?8 :? `hcc[ 3FE 5:5?’E 92G6 4@>>6C4:2= DF446DD F?E:= `hde’D “k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E96H66<=J492==6?86C]4@>^E96=@?:@FD\>@?<\E96\>@DE\:?7=F6?E:2=\a_E9\46?EFCJ\;2KK\>FD:4:2?^QmqC:==:2?E r@C?6CDk^2m]” w6 :D 2>@?8 E96 >@DE\4@G6C65 @7 2== ;2KK >FD:4:2?D[ 2?5 >2?J @7 9:D D@?8D 92G6 364@>6 ;2KK DE2?52C5D—7C@> “$EC2:89E[ }@ r92D6C” E@ “#@F?5 |:5?:89E]”k^Am
- David Redfern // Getty Images
- Born: March 17, 1919
- Died: February 15, 1965
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “&?7@C86EE23=6” W`hdaXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i uC2?< $:?2EC2[ #2J r92C=6D[ |:4926= y24<D@?k^Am
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kAmr@=6 H6?E @? E@ 567J C24:DE ?@E:@?D E@ 364@>6 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^a_`_^_c^`h^`ae``_hgd^?2E\<:?8\4@=6\2?\:?42?56D46?E\G@:46Qm7:CDE q=24< >2? E@ A6C7@C> C@>2?E:4 >FD:4 7@C H9:E6 A6@A=6k^2m] w6 H2D 2=D@ E96 7:CDE q=24< >2? E@ 9@DE 2 ?2E:@?2==J DJ?5:42E65 %' D9@H[ “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:?5:2?2AF3=:4>65:2]@C8^?:89E=:89ED^?2E\<:?8\4@=6\D9@H]A9AQm%96 }2E z:?8 r@=6 $9@Hk^2m[” H9:49 AC6>:6C65 :? `hde 2?5 H2D 42?46=65 :? `hdf 5F6 E@ =24< @7 DA@?D@CD9:A] ~? E96 7:?2= 6A:D@56[ r@=6 A6C7@C>65 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlIgqvwE`gy%xQm%96 !2CEJ’D ~G6Ck^2m]” ~G6C 9:D =@?8 42C66C[ r@=6’D D@F?5 6G@=G65 7C@> D>2==\8C@FA ;2KK E@ A@A D:?8:?8 D6?D2E:@? :? E96 62DJ\=:DE6?:?8 86?C6—2?5 9:D :?C@25D :? E6=6G:D:@? H@F=5 8@ @? E@ :?DA:C6 D9@HD =:<6 “pCD6?:@ w2==” 564256D =2E6C]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bcca^36DE\72>:=J\8FJ\6A:D@56DQmq6DE Vu2>:=J vFJV 6A:D@56Dk^2mk^Am
- Imagno // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 25, 1938
- Died: Jan. 20, 2012
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p== x r@F=5 s@ (2D rCJ” W`he_Xk^Am
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kAmtEE2 y2>6D EC2?D46?565 >FD:42= 86?C6D[ =:G:?8 2E G2C:@FD E:>6D H:E9:? 8@DA6=[ ;2KK[ C@4< ‘?’ C@==[ D@F=[ 2?5 #U2>Ajq E9C@F89@FE 96C DEF??:?8[ 564256D\DA2??:?8 42C66C] $96 H2D 5:D4@G6C65 2D 2 E66?286C 3J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]5:D4@8D]4@>^2CE:DE^ghee_\tEE2\y2>6DQmy@9??J ~E:Dk^2m 2?5 42>6 @FE :? `hdd H:E9 96C 7:CDE 9:E[ “%96 (2==7=@H6C]” uC@> E96C6[ 96C >6E6@C:4 C:D6 :?4=F565 4=2DD:4 9:ED =:<6 “pE {2DE[” “$@>6E9:?8’D v@E 2 w@=5 ~? |6[” 2?5 “x’5 #2E96C v@ q=:?5]” y2>6D :D C6G6C65 7@C 24E:?8 2D 2 3C:586 7C@> #U2>Ajq E@ C@4< ‘?’ C@==[ 2?5 92D 366? 9@?@C65 H:E9 ?F>6C@FD vC2>>JD 2?5 q=F6D |FD:4 pH2C5D[ 2?5 2? :?5F4E:@? :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6[ q=F6D w2== @7 u2>6[ 2?5 vC2>>J w2== @7 u2>6]k^Am
- Andrew Putler// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 16, 1925
- Died: May 14, 2015
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “%96 %9C:== xD v@?6” W`hehXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i s2G:5 v:=>@FC[ y:>>J !286[ tC:4 r=2AE@?[ q@??:6 #2:EEk^Am
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- Estate Of Keith Morris // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 18, 1926
- Died: March 18, 2017
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “y@9??J q] v@@56” W`hdgXk^Am
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kAmq6CCJ’D 2D46?E 42>6 2E E96 4@DE @7 9:> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@=:E:4@]4@>^>282K:?6^DE@CJ^a_`f^_b^E96\A@=:E:4D\@7\36:?8\49F4<\36CCJ\a`chbcQmDH2==@H:?8 9:D A6CDA64E:G6D @? C24:2= E6?D:@?Dk^2m @7 E96 E:>6 2?5 65:E:?8 D@?8 =JC:4D E@ >2<6 E96> >@C6 A2=A23=6 7@C H9:E6 2F5:6?46D] x? “y@9??J q] v@@56[” 7@C 6I2>A=6[ q6CCJ DH2AA65 E96 A9C2D6 “4@=@C65 3@J” 7@C “4@F?ECJ 3@J”—E96C63J 492?8:?8 E96 >62?:?8 7C@> 2? 2FE@3:@8C2A9:42= =:?6 E@ 2 >@C6 86?6C2=:K65 2?E96> 7@C p>6C:42’D J@FE9]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1930
- Died: June 10, 2004
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “(92E’5 x $2J !2CED ` U2>Aj a” W`hdhXk^Am
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^`ffc^36DE\2CE:DED\4@F?ECJQmq6DE 2CE:DED :? 4@F?ECJk^2mk^Am
- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Born: May 26, 1926
- Died: Sept. 28, 1991
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$@ (92E” W`hdhXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i sF2?6 p==>2?[ {6DE6C q2?8D[ qC:2? t?@[ %:> qF4<=6J[ #:4< y2>6D[ u=62[ !C:?46k^Am
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- Jack Vartoogian // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 21, 1933
- Died: April 21, 2003
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kAmpD 2 49:=5 AC@5:8J[ $:>@?6 W3@C? tF?:46 z2E9=66? (2J>@?X EC2:?65 E@ 364@>6 E96 7:CDE q=24< H@>2? 4@?46CE A:2?:DE] qFE 2 C24:2==J >@E:G2E65 C6;64E:@? :? `hd` 7C@> E96 rFCE:D x?DE:EFE6 @7 |FD:4 D6?E $:>@?6 @? 2?@E96C A2E9 6?E:C6=J] p5@AE:?8 2 DE286 ?2>6 E@ 9:56 E96 724E D96 H2D A=2J:?8 H92E 96C >:?:DE6C >@E96C 4@?D:56C65 56G:=’D >FD:4[ $:>@?6 DE2CE65 A=2J:?8 A:2?@—2?5 D@@? 6?@F89 D:?8:?8—:? 2? pE=2?E:4 r:EJ[ }6H y6CD6J[ 32C]k^Am
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- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 26, 1928
- Died: Oct. 24, 2017
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p:?’E %92E p $92>6” W`hddXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i t=G:D !C6D=6J[ q@3 |2C=6Jk^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 22, 1931
- Died: Dec. 11, 1964
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p r92?86 xD v@??2 r@>6” W`hecXk^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: June 3, 1942
- Died: Dec. 26, 1999
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “z66A @? !FD9:?8” W%96 x>AC6DD:@?D[ `hecXk^Am
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bcbg^36DE\6>>J\?@>:?2E65\D9@HD\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE t>>J ?@>:?2E65 D9@HD @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Founding members: O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley
- Essential listening: “Go for Your Guns” (1977)
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- Chris Ware // Getty Images
- Born: March 26, 1944
- Essential listening: “I’m Coming Out” (1980)
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- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Born: May 13, 1950
- Essential listening: “Sir Duke” (1976)
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- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: May 3, 1933
- Died: Dec. 25, 2006
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- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: April 2, 1939
- Died: April 1, 1984
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^b_fa^42?\J@F\2?DH6C\E96D6\C62=\;6@A2C5J\BF6DE:@?D\23@FE\EG\D9@HDQmr2? J@F 2?DH6C E96D6 C62= Vy6@A2C5JPV BF6DE:@?D 23@FE %' D9@HDnk^2mk^Am
- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Original members: David Ruffin (main lead singer), Paul Williams (secondary lead singer), Eddie Kendricks (first tenor lead singer), Melvin Franklin (bass lead singer)
- Essential listening: “My Girl” (1964)
kAm\ (9@ E96J :?DA:C65i %96 y24<D@? d[ |24J vC2J[ p= vC66?[ %96 !@:?E6C $:DE6CD[ %96 s@@3:6 qC@E96CDk^Am
kAm#U2>Ajq >682DE2CD %96 %6>AE2E:@?D H6C6 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^E6>AE2E:@?DQm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6 :? `hghk^2m 2?5 H6C6 C2E65 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:==3@2C5]4@>^492CED^8C62E6DE\C\3\9:A\9@A\2CE:DEDQmR` #U2>Ajq^w:A\w@A pCE:DED @7 p== %:>6k^2m 3J q:==3@2C5 |282K:?6] %96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>@E@H?>FD6F>]@C8^>@E@H?\D@F?5^E96\2CE:DED^E6>AE2E:@?D^Qm%6>AE2E:@?D’ :?7=F6?46k^2m @G6C D@F= >FD:4 2?5 #U2>Ajq 92D 366? 4@>A2C65 E@ E92E @7 E96 q62E=6D @G6C A@A 2?5 C@4<[ 2?5 E96:C 52?46 >@G6D 2?5 D:?8:?8 :?DA:C65 6G6CJ@?6 27E6C E96> 7C@> 3@J 32?5D E@ D@=@ 24ED]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1926
- Died: July 17, 1967
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “x?5:2” W`hebXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ uC2?< +2AA2[ y:>: w6?5C:I[ %96 qJC5Dk^Am
kAmw:DE@CJ’D >@DE :>A@CE2?E E6?@C D2I@A9@?:DE k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^AC@8C2>D^;2KKAC@7:=6D^2C49:G6^4@=EC2?60`]9E>=Qmy@9? r@=EC2?6k^2m 5:5 >@C6 E92? EFC? ;2KK @? :ED 9625i xE 4C62E65 2 H9@=6 ?6H >FD:42= 86?C6 42==65 ADJ49656=:4 C@4<] %96 qJC5D[ H9@ HC@E6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>FD:47@C]FD^a_`g^_h^`h^E96\3JC5D\6:89E\>:=6D\9:89\`hee^Qmt:89E |:=6D w:89k^2m”—H:56=J C682C565 2D E96 7:CDE ADJ49656=:4 C@4< D@?8—E@@< 2 5:C64E 4F6 7C@> r@=EC2?6’D 2=3F>D “p7C:42^qC2DD” 2?5 “x>AC6DD:@?D[” DA64:7:42==J E96 EC24< “x?5:2” 7C@> E96 =2EE6C]k^Am
- JP Jazz Archive // Getty Images
- Born: March 25, 1942
- Died: Aug. 16, 2018
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “x }6G6C {@G65 2 |2? W%96 (2J x =@G65 *@FX” W`hefXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i y6??:76C wF5D@?[ {FE96C '2?5C@DD[ r92<2 z92?[ (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ p>J (:?69@FD6k^Am
kAmp?J@?6 H:E9 2 D6E @7 62CD 4@F=5 92G6 <?@H? :? `hde E92E `c\J62C\@=5 pC6E92 uC2?<=:? H2D 8@:?8 E@ 36 2 DE2C H96? D96 H2D C64@C565 =:G6 3J y\'\q C64@C5D D:?8:?8 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{$dx>3G2DA"Qm*@F vC@H r=@D6Ck^2m” 2E }6H q6E96= q2AE:DE r9FC49 :? s6EC@:E WE96 4@>A=6E6 C64@C5:?8D H6C6 C6=62D65 :? `hed 3J r964<6C #64@C5:?8DX] yFDE D:I J62CD =2E6C[ D96 H2D =2J:?8 5@H? 3=F6D 2?5 3:8\32?5 EC24<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlx@~%pHJ<=~_Qm}@3@5J {:<6 *@Fk^2m” E92E H@F=5 D6E 96C :?6G:E23=6 2D46?52?4J E@ 2 4F=EFC2= :4@? H:E9 2 D6G6?\564256 42C66C DA2??:?8 8@DA6=[ D@F=[ #U2>Ajq[ A@A[ C@4<[ 2?5 G:CEF2==J 6G6CJE9:?8 :? 36EH66?] x? `hgf[ D96 3642>6 E96 7:CDE H@>2? :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Nov. 27, 1942
- Died: Sept. 18, 1970
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “{:EE=6 (:?8” W`hefXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i y677 q64<[ !C:?46[ y@9? |2J6C[ z:C< w2>>6EE[ xD=6J qC@E96CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@==:?8DE@?6]4@>^>FD:4^>FD:4\=:DED^;:>:\96?5C:I\`_\8C62E\AC6\72>6\EC24<D\`adhbc^Qmy:>: w6?5C:Ik^2m 8C6H FA =:DE6?:?8 E@ qF55J vFJ[ |F55J (2E6CD[ 2?5 ;2KK >FD:4[ 2== @7 H9:49 2C6 2F5:3=6 :? 9:D 62C=J C64@C5:?8D] x? 255:E:@? E@ 36:?8 @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE 8F:E2C A=2J6CD E@ 6G6C =:G6[ 96 H2D 2=D@ @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE A6C7@C>6CD] w6?5C:I H2D ?@E@C:@FD 7@C A=2J:?8 8F:E2C H:E9 9:D E66E9[ D6EE:?8 :?DECF>6?ED @? 7:C6[ 2?5 D>2D9:?8 E96> @? DE286] w6 E@@< 492?46D H:E9 >FD:4 ?@ @?6 925 E2<6? 367@C6 2?5 A2G65 E96 H2J 7@C 7FEFC6 :??@G2E@CD =:<6 !C:?46]k^Am
- Evening Standard // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 6, 1945
- Died: May 11, 1981
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “sFAAJ r@?BF6C@C” W`hf`Xk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i x>>@CE2= %649?:BF6[ %96 !@=:46[ +24 qC@H? q2?5[ +:88J |2C=6Jk^Am
kAmq@3 |2C=6J D@=5 >@C6 E92? a_ >:==:@? C64@C5D 2?5 8@6D 5@H? :? 9:DE@CJ 2D 36:?8 E96 7:CDE H@C=5H:56 DF446DD E@ 4@>6 7C@> E96 “%9:C5 (@C=5]” pD 2? 2>32DD25@C 7@C C68826 >FD:4[ 96 96=A65 E@ DAC625 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]334]4@]F<^C6=:8:@?^C6=:8:@?D^C2DE272C:^36=:67D^36=:67D0`]D9E>=Qm#2DE272C:k^2m >6DD28:?8 E9C@F89 9:D D@?8D 2?5 D9@?6 2 DA@E=:89E @? y2>2:42 2?5 :ED A@=:E:4D] w6 255:E:@?2==J >256 C68826 >2:?DEC62>[ A2G:?8 E96 H2J 7@C :ED :?E6C?2E:@?2= A@AF=2C:EJ E9C@F89@FE E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D[ qC:E2:?[ 2?5 p7C:42]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bbcg^36DE\2?5\H@CDE\2=\A24:?@\>@G:6DQmq6DE 2?5 H@CDE p= !24:?@ >@G:6Dk^2mk^Am
- Gijsbert Hanekroot // Getty Images
- Born: April 16, 1955
- Esential listening: “Better Future” (with Mr. Green, 2019)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i p7C:<2 q2>322E22[ vC2?5>2DE6C u=2D9[ r9F4< s]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];29D@?:4]4@>^z@@=w6C4]9E>=Qmsy z@@= w6C4k^2m H2D 9@DE:?8 2 A2CEJ :? `hfb :? E96 qC@?I H96? 96 5:5 D@>6E9:?8 E92E 925 ?6G6C 366? 5@?6 367@C6i 2 E649?:BF6 96 42==65 E96 “|6CCJ\v@\#@F?5]” %@ AF== :E @77[ 96 FD65 EH@ EFC?E23=6D E@ DH:E49 36EH66? 3C62<362ED @7 y2>6D qC@H?’D “v:G6 xE &A ~C %FC? xE {@@D6[” |:4926= ':?6C’D “q@?8@ #@4<[” 2?5 q236 #FE9’D “%96 |6I:42?]” %96 C6DF=E H2D >@56C?\52J 9:A\9@A 2D H6 <?@H :E]k^Am
- Jemal Countess // Getty Images
- Original members: Maurice White (vocals, kalimba, drums, percussion), Verdine White (bass, percussion, vocals), Philip Bailey (vocals, conga, percussion, kalimba), Ralph Johnson (drums, percussion, vocals), B. David Whitworth (percussion, vocals), Myron McKinley (keyboards, musical director), John Paris (drums, vocals), Philip Bailey Jr. (vocals)
- Essential listening: “Sing a Song” (1975)
kAm\ (9@ E96J :?DA:C65i q6J@?4é[ s27E !F?<[ #:4< y2>6D[ #:92??2[ |:4926= y24<D@?[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ ~FE<2DE[ !C:?46[ xD224 w2J6D[ rFCE:D |2J7:6=5k^Am
kAmt2CE9[ (:?5 U2>Aj u:C6 Wt(uX DE2?5D 2=@?6 2D E96 3:886DE 7F?< 32?5 6G6C[ H:E9 EC24<D E92E D9@E E@ E96 E@A @7 E96 492CED E9C@F89@FE E96 ‘f_D] %96 8C@FA H2D :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^62CE9\H:?5\2?5\7:C6Qm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6k^2m :? a___[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^62CE9\H:?5\7:C6Qm62C?65 D:I vC2>>JDk^2m[ 2?5 D@=5 >@C6 E92? h_ >:==:@? 2=3F>D ;FDE :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D] t(u DE2J65 29625 @7 E96 E:>6D[ :?4@CA@C2E:?8 5:D4@[ 7F?<[ ;2KK[ 5@@\H@A[ D@F=[ {2E:?[ 2?5 A@A :?E@ E96:C EC24<D @G6C E96 J62CD] p55:E:@?2= 6G:56?46 @7 E96 32?5’D =2DE:?8 =6824J :D 2AA2C6?E :? 9@H >2?J 2CE:DED 3@CC@H t(u EC24<Di tG6CJ@?6 7C@> !F3=:4 t?6>J E@ {{ r@@= y 92G6 D2>A=65 EF?6D 7C@> E96 32?5’D DE2886C:?8 42E2=@8]k^Am
- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 29, 1958
- Died: June 25, 2009
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “%9C:==6C” W`hgaXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ qC:E?6J $A62CD[ qCF?@ |2CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:@8C2A9J]4@>^?6HD^>:4926=\;24<D@?\:4@?:4\>@>6?EDQm|:4926= y24<D@?k^2m’D 4@?7=:4E65 9:DE@CJ 42? >2<6 :E 5:77:4F=E @C F?D66>=J E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?JE:>6D]4@>^a_`h^_b^_g^A@542DED^E96\52:=J^>:4926=\;24<D@?\23FD6\=62G:?8\?6G6C=2?5]9E>=Qm2AAC64:2E6 E96 :CC6G6CD:3=6 :>A24E 96 925 @? E@52J’D >FD:4k^2m] x? 9:D >FD:42= 42C66C[ y24<D@? 3C@<6 E96 4@=@C 32CC:6C 3J 36:?8 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]4??]4@>^a__h^$w~(qx+^|FD:4^_e^ag^>:4926=];24<D@?]3=24<]4@>>F?:EJ^Qm7:CDE q=24< 2CE:DE @? |%'k^2m H:E9 9:D “q:==:6 y62?” G:56@j 96 56E6C>:?65 2 ?6H >6E9@5 @7 AC@5F4E:@? 2?5 AC@>@E:@? H:E9 “%9C:==6Cj” 2?5 96 E@@< 9@>6 9F?5C65D @7 2H2C5D] w6 2=D@ 7@==@H65 :? E96 7@@EDE6AD @7 8C62ED =:<6 }2E z:?8 r@=6[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>65:F>]4@>^o2=J]H:=3FC?^E96\<:?8\@7\A@A\9@H\>:4926=\;24<D@?\C6G@=FE:@?:K65\E96\>FD:4\:?5FDECJ\7h__gf55ahagQmAFD9:?8 E96 3@F?52C:6D @7 H92E C@=6D q=24< >6? 4@F=5 2446AE23=J @44FAJ :? p>6C:42? D@4:6EJk^2m[ H96E96C 25@C65[ H2?E65[ @C C636==:@FD]k^Am
- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: June 7, 1958
- Died: April 21, 2016
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “!FCA=6 #2:?” W`hgcXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i s’p?86=@[ q6J@?4é[ uC2?< ~462?[ $:?625 ~’r@??@C[ yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ q64<[ #:92??2[ y2?6==6 |@?á6k^Am
kAm!C:?46’D >FD:42= 6IA6C:>6?E2E:@? EC2?D7@C>65 C@4<[ 7F?<[ A@A[ 2?5 ?6H H2G6 >FD:4] w6 H2D f H96? 96 HC@E6 9:D 7:CDE D@?8[ “uF?< |249:?6[” 2?5 FD65 ?@E ;FDE 9:D D@=@ 42C66C E@ :>A24E 9@H >FD:4 H2D A24<2865 2?5 C646:G65[ 3FE 9:D H@C< 2D 2 4@==23@C2E@C 2?5 AC@5F46C] t2C=J :? 9:D 42C66C[ D@>6 @7 9:D >@DE 2>3:E:@FD H@C<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@<2JA=2J6C]4@>^@C:8:?2=D^AC:?46\36DE\D@?8\32?5\25>:C65\6?G:65]9E>=Qmfff\hb``k^2m” H6C6 FD65 :? @E96C 8C@FAD =:<6 %96 %:>6[ :? H9:49 !C:?46 D2?8 324<:?8 G@42=D 2?5 A=2J65 2== E96 :?DECF>6?ED] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]6G6CJE9:?8K@@>6C]4@>^2CED\6?E6CE2:?>6?E^a_`f^_e^_f^7:G6\H2JD\AC:?46\492?865\>FD:4^Qm}@ @?6 925 962C5 2?JE9:?8 =:<6 !C:?46 367@C6 96 42>6 2=@?8k^2m—3FE 7@C6G6C 27E6C[ J@F 4@F=5 962C 9:D =6824J :? EF?6D 7C@> 24ED 2D H:56\C2?8:?8 2D q64< 2?5 yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bb`b^36DE\D6==:?8\3@@<\D6C:6D\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE\D6==:?8 3@@< D6C:6D @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Neil Lupin // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 1, 1960
- Essential listening: “ Fight the Power” (1987)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i |@D s67[ %C:36 r2==65 "F6DEk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E968F2C5:2?]4@>^>FD:4^a_`f^?@G^`h^49F4<\5\:?E6CG:6H\9:A\9@A\724E\3@@<\AF3=:4\6?6>JQmr9F4< s]k^2m—AC@=:7:4 AC@5F46C[ 24E:G:DE[ 2?5 C2AA6C—@?46 72>@FD=J 42==65 !F3=:4 t?6>J[ E96 C2A 8C@FA 96 7@C>65[ E96 “r}} 7@C q=24< A6@A=6]” %92E’D 3642FD6 :? E96 =2E6 ‘g_D[ E96 >2DD6D 925 E@ =@@< E@ 9:A\9@A E@ 4@G6C C24:2= 5:DA2C:E:6D :? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6[ E96 AC:D@?\:?5FDEC:2= 4@>A=6I[ A@G6CEJ[ AC@7:=:?8[ 2?5 A@=:46 3CFE2=:EJ] r9F4< s] 96=A65 E@ DEC6?8E96? 2 4F=EFC6 @7 9:A\9@A E92E H@C<65 7@C D@4:2= 492?86 2?5 :?DA:C65 2 86?6C2E:@? @7 2CE:DED]k^Am
- David Corio // Getty Images
- Born: May 16, 1966
- Essential listening: “ Rhythm Nation” (1989)
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i qC2?5J[ q6J@?4é[ #:92??2[ |2C:29 r2C6J[ $A:46 v:C=D[ y@9? {686?5[ qC:E?6J $A62CD[ r9C:DE:?2 p8F:=6C2[ yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ q=24< z6JDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E962E=2?E:4]4@>^6?E6CE2:?>6?E^2C49:G6^a_`c^_h^E96\H@C=5\492?8:?8\2DA:C2E:@?D\@7\C9JE9>\?2E:@?\`g`c^bg_`cc^Qmy2?6E y24<D@?k^2m 9:E 96C A62< 2=@?8D:56 76==@H 962GJH6:89ED (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ |25@??2[ 2?5 %:?2 %FC?6C[ 3FE >2?2865 ?6G6CE96=6DD E@ 42CG6 @FE 96C @H? 9:89=J DA64:7:4 C@=6 :? p>6C:42? >FD:4 E92E H@F=5 36 7@C6G6C :>:E2E65 J6E ?6G6C 5FA=:42E65] $96 H2D 23=6 E@ C6249 =:DE6?6CD @7 2== C246D 2?5 324<8C@F?5D 2?5 6G6CJ 286 8C@FA[ 92D D@=5 >@C6 E92? `__ >:==:@? C64@C5D[ 2?5 H@? 5@K6?D @7 244@=256D 7C@> vC2>>JD E@ p>6C:42? |FD:4 2H2C5D]k^Am
kAmw6C `hgh 2=3F> “#9JE9> }2E:@?” DE2?5D 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE D:8?:7:42?E @7 :ED 6C2[ H:E9 :ED E:E=6 EC24< 56D4C:365 3J y24<D@? 96CD6=7 2D “E96 ?2E:@?2= 2?E96> 7@C E96 ‘h_D]” uC@> A@=:E:42= >6DD28:?8 2?5 DEF??:?8 52?46 C@FE:?6D E@ 96C 23:=:EJ E@ EC2?D46?5 86?C6D WE649?@\D@F=\C@4<\A@A 2?5 324< 282:?X[ y24<D@? D6E ?6H DE2?52C5D 7@C >FD:4 G:56@D[ 52?46 49@C6@8C2A9J[ 2?5 3C62<:?8 D6IF2= E23@@D] w6C =6824J 4@?E:?F6D E@ C6G6C36C2E6 E9C@F89@FE >FD:42= 86?C6D 2D 72C\7=F?8 2D :?5:6 C@4< 2?5 #U2>Ajq]k^Am
- Christopher Polk // Getty Images
- Born: June 16, 1971
- Died: Sept. 13, 1996
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “s62C |2>2” W`hhdXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ t>:?6>[ yFDE:? q:636C[ sC2<6k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^`_d`E963@F?46]4@>^a_`f^_e^`e^9@H\EFA24\D92<FC\492?865\9:A\9@A\7@C6G6C^Qm%FA24 $92<FCk^2m H2D E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 2CE:DE E@ C64@C5 2 5@F3=6 2=3F> 2?5[ :? a_`f[ 96 A@DE9F>@FD=J 3642>6 E96 7:CDE D@=@ C2AA6C E@ 36 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6] w6 :D C6G6C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ 2?5 =67E 9:D :?56=:3=6 >2C< @? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6 ?@E ;FDE 2D 2 C2AA6C H:E9 `` A=2E:?F>\D6==:?8 2=3F>D 2?5 H@C=5H:56 ?@E@C:6EJ[ 3FE 2=D@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96D@FC46]4@>^a_`e^_e^`e^EFA24\D92<FC\E96\AC@E@EJA6\@7\2\DEC66E\A@6E^Qm2D 2 A@6Ek^2m]k^Am
- Al Pereira // Getty Images
- Born: Dec. 4, 1969
- Essential listening: “Public Service Announcement” (2003)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ z2?J6 (6DEk^Am
kAm%96 DEF??:?8[ 2H2C5\DA64<=65 C:D6 @7 y2J\+ W$92H? r2CE6CX @G6C 9:D b_\J62C 42C66C 3682? H:E9 9:D :?56A6?56?E=J C6=62D65 “#62D@?23=6 s@F3E” :? `hhe @? 9:D ?6H=J 4C62E65 =236=[ #@4\p\u6==2 2?5 4@?E:?F6D E@ E9:D 52J H:E9 E92E =236= >2<:?8 9:> E96 C:496DE >2? :? 9:A\9@A] w:D ?6E H@CE9 DE2?5D 2E 2C@F?5 S` 3:==:@?[ 244@C5:?8 E@ u@C36D[ H9:49 >2<6D 9:> E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 3:==:@?2:C6 :? 9:DE@CJ] w6 56>@?DEC2E6D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3FD:?6DD:?D:56C]4@>^;2J\K\?6E\H@CE9\a_`g\hQmG2DE C62496D @7 E@52J’D >FD:4 :?5FDECJk^2m[ H:E9 9:D 92?5D @G6C E96 J62CD :? 2 DEC62>:?8 D6CG:46[ 2=4@9@= 4@>A2?J[ 4=@E9:?8 =:?6[ DA@CED 4=F3[ 2?5 G2C:@FD 6?E6CE2:?>6?E =236=D] w:D D64C6En #6=J:?8 @? 9:>D6=7 E@ 3F:=5 9:D 3C2?5D 2?5 C2AA:?8 23@FE E92E H9:49 96 <?@HD >@DE 23@FEi 9:>D6=7] xE’D ?@E 2 DEC6E49 E@ D2J 96’D 36=:6G65 E@ 36 2>@?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@A>2EE6CD]4@>^`e`fff\:?\5676?D6\@7\;2J\K\2D\E96\>@DE\:>A@CE2?E\A6CD@?\:?\9:A\9@A\9:DE@\achdgaef_c]9E>=QmE96 36DE W:7 ?@E E96 36DEX C2AA6CD :? 9:DE@CJk^2m[ H9@ 42? 92G6 7F? H9:=6 56=:G6C:?8 A@:8?2?E @3D6CG2E:@?D 2?5 5:77:4F=E ECFE9D]k^Am
- Brian Ach // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 4, 1981
- Essential listening: “ Formation” (2016)
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i pC:2?2 vC2?56[ $2> $>:E9[ }:4<: |:?2;[ {25J v282k^Am
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- Larry Busacca/PW18 // Getty Images
- Born: June 17, 1987
- Essential listening: “Love.” (Feat. Zacari, 2017)
kAm#2AA6C z6?5C:4< {2>2C 3642>6 E96 7:CDE C2A 2CE:DE E@ 36 2H2C565 E96 !F=:EK6C !C:K6 7@C |FD:4 :? a_`g 7@C 9:D 7@FCE9 DEF5:@ 2=3F>[ “sp|}]” pE ;FDE ba J62CD @=5[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^<6?5C:4<\=2>2CQm{2>2C 92D 2=C625J 62C?65 `b vC2>>JDk^2m 2?5 2 ?@5 7C@> %:>6 >282K:?6 2D @?6 @7 E96 `__ >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= A6@A=6 :? E96 H@C=5] w6 :D H:56=J 4@?D:56C65 @?6 @7 9:D 86?6C2E:@?’D >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD[ 2?5 2D 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^86?:FD]4@>^5:D4FDD:@?D^`eca_e\d\H2JD\<6?5C:4<\=2>2C\492?865\E96\82>6QmD@?8HC:E6C 2?5 AC@5F46C[ 96’D 2=C625J 96=A:?8 E@ 49FC? @FE 2?5 56G6=@A ?6H E2=6?Ek^2m[ 7C@> p3\$@F= E@ $K2]k^Am
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- Santiago Bluguermann // Getty Images
- Born: March 20, 1915
- Died: Oct. 9, 1973
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- Tony Evans/Timelapse Library Ltd. // Getty Images
There is no American music that doesn’t have Black roots. From country-western, which draws upon banjo music from Africa, to rock ‘n’ roll, begun by a Black woman playing electric guitar in 1938, American music can’t be separated out from its rich history of diversity and experimentation.
Every artist transforms his or her medium simply by working in it, and it so follows that every musician changes the art form slightly just by creating and performing songs. But throughout American history, there are examples of artists who have been so transformative as to change musical genres themselves. Other times, artists unwittingly create new genres—whether Fela Kuti with Afrobeat, Frankie Knuckles with house music, or Fats Domino with ska.
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- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: 1868 (approximate—actual birth date unknown)
- Died: April 1, 1917
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kAmw6 4@==23@C2E65 H:E9 =@42= >FD:4:2?D E@ HC:E6 C28E:>6 >FD:4[ 2 DEJ=6 @7 DJ?4@A2E65 362ED 2?5 2446?ED A@AF=2C 2E E96 E:>6 E92E H@F=5 7@C> E96 7@F?52E:@?D @7 E96 w2C=6> DEC:56 DEJ=6 @7 A:2?@ A=2J:?8 2?5 E96 7@CE94@>:?8 ;2KK 6C2] #28E:>6 5C6H @? D@?8D 7C@> >:?DEC6= D9@HD[ 42<6H2=< 52?46 C9JE9>D[ 2?5 q=24< 32?;@ >FD:4] y@A=:? AF3=:D965 9:D >@DE 72>@FD H@C<[ “|2A=6 {627 #28[” :? `ghh 2?5 E96C63J 46>6?E65 9:D =6824J 2D E96 z:?8 @7 #28E:>6]k^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 4, 1901
- Died: July 6, 1971
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 15, 1894
- Died: Sept. 26, 1937
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kAmp?J@?6 H9@ D2?8 W@C =:DE6?65 E@X E96 3=F6D D:?46 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3=24<A2DE]@C8^27C:42?\2>6C:42?\9:DE@CJ^36DD:6\D>:E9\`ghc\`hbf^Qmq6DD:6 $>:E9k^2m 92D 366? DF3;64E65 E@ 96C :?7=F6?46] $96 H2D <?@H? 7@C 7:==:?8 2 C@@> H:E9 96C G@:46 D2?D >:4C@A9@?6 2?5 56AE9 @7 H92E D96 D2?8 23@FEi 6G6CJ52J H@CC:6D 7@C 6G6CJ52J A6@A=6[ H:E9 2 4@?7:56?46 2?5 3C2G25@ E92E 4@F=5 DE@A J@F :? J@FC EC24<D] w6C C6=2E:G6=J D9@CE[ `_\J62C C64@C5:?8 42C66C ?6G6CE96=6DD >2?2865 E@ AC@7@F?5=J :?7=F6?46 E96 E@E2=:EJ @7 p>6C:42? >FD:4 :? E96 a_E9 46?EFCJ]k^Am
- Anthony Barboza // Getty Images
- Born: May 8, 1911
- Died: Aug. 16, 1938
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i p==>2? qC@E96CD[ tC:4 r=2AE@?[ q@3 sJ=2?[ E96 #@==:?8 $E@?6Dk^Am
kAm%96 =686?5 8@6D E92E #@36CE y@9?D@? D@=5 9:D D@F= E@ E96 56G:= 2E |:DD:DD:AA: 4C@DDC@25D E@ 82:? 9:D 8F:E2C\A=2J:?8 AC@H6DD E92E D66>65 E@ D9@H FA @G6C?:89E] z?@H? 2D E96 7:CDE 3=F6D>2? @7 >@56C? p>6C:42? >FD:4 WDA64:7:42==J E96 s6=E2 3=F6D DEJ=6X[ y@9?D@? C64@C565 EF?6D :? `hbe 2?5 `hbf :? C@@> c`c @7 E96 vF?E6C w@E6= :? $2? p?E@?:@[ %6I2D[ H9:49 H2D D6E FA 2D 2 E6>A@C2CJ C64@C5:?8 DEF5:@] %9@D6 EC24<D H6C6 7:?2==J AC@A6C=J 4@>A:=65 2D “%96 r@>A=6E6 #64@C5:?8D” :? `hh_] p >6>36C @7 E96 “af 4=F3[” y@9?D@?’D 562E9 W6:E96C 3J >FC56C[ A?6F>@?:2[ @C DJA9:=:DX :D D9C@F565 :? 2D >F49 >JDE6CJ 2D 9:D =:76]k^Am
- Delta Haze Corporation // Wikimedia Commons
- Born: March 20, 1915
- Died: Oct. 9, 1973
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- Tony Evans/Timelapse Library Ltd. // Getty Images
- Born: April 29, 1899
- Died: May 24, 1974
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “|@@5 x?5:8@” W`hb_Xk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i %96=@?:@FD |@?<k^Am
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 7, 1915
- Died: July 17, 1959
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$EC2?86 uCF:E” W`hbhXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i !2F=2 (6DE[ y@6J pC:2D[ y@?: |:E496==k^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: July 8, 1908
- Died: Feb. 4, 1975
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 10, 1917
- Died: Feb. 17, 1982
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kAm|@?< A=2J65 H:E9 G2C:@FD 8C@FAD W2?5 76==@H 962GJH6:89ED =:<6 s:KKJ v:==6DA:6 2?5 r92C=:6 !2C<6CX 2E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>:?E@?D92C=6>]4@>^23@FE\>:?E@?D^Qm|:?E@?’D !=2J9@FD6k^2m[ 2 ;2KK 4=F3 :? w2C=6> E92E D6CG65 2D 2? :?DE:EFE:@? DE:== DE2?5:?8 E@52J :? H9:49 363@A 2?5 >@56C?\52J ;2KK H6C6 3@C?] w6 3682? C64@C5:?8 :? `hcc[ 3FE 5:5?’E 92G6 4@>>6C4:2= DF446DD F?E:= `hde’D “k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E96H66<=J492==6?86C]4@>^E96=@?:@FD\>@?<\E96\>@DE\:?7=F6?E:2=\a_E9\46?EFCJ\;2KK\>FD:4:2?^QmqC:==:2?E r@C?6CDk^2m]” w6 :D 2>@?8 E96 >@DE\4@G6C65 @7 2== ;2KK >FD:4:2?D[ 2?5 >2?J @7 9:D D@?8D 92G6 364@>6 ;2KK DE2?52C5D—7C@> “$EC2:89E[ }@ r92D6C” E@ “#@F?5 |:5?:89E]”k^Am
- David Redfern // Getty Images
- Born: March 17, 1919
- Died: February 15, 1965
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bcca^36DE\72>:=J\8FJ\6A:D@56DQmq6DE Vu2>:=J vFJV 6A:D@56Dk^2mk^Am
- Imagno // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 25, 1938
- Died: Jan. 20, 2012
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- Andrew Putler// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 16, 1925
- Died: May 14, 2015
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- Estate Of Keith Morris // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 18, 1926
- Died: March 18, 2017
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kAmq6CCJ’D 2D46?E 42>6 2E E96 4@DE @7 9:> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@=:E:4@]4@>^>282K:?6^DE@CJ^a_`f^_b^E96\A@=:E:4D\@7\36:?8\49F4<\36CCJ\a`chbcQmDH2==@H:?8 9:D A6CDA64E:G6D @? C24:2= E6?D:@?Dk^2m @7 E96 E:>6 2?5 65:E:?8 D@?8 =JC:4D E@ >2<6 E96> >@C6 A2=A23=6 7@C H9:E6 2F5:6?46D] x? “y@9??J q] v@@56[” 7@C 6I2>A=6[ q6CCJ DH2AA65 E96 A9C2D6 “4@=@C65 3@J” 7@C “4@F?ECJ 3@J”—E96C63J 492?8:?8 E96 >62?:?8 7C@> 2? 2FE@3:@8C2A9:42= =:?6 E@ 2 >@C6 86?6C2=:K65 2?E96> 7@C p>6C:42’D J@FE9]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1930
- Died: June 10, 2004
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “(92E’5 x $2J !2CED ` U2>Aj a” W`hdhXk^Am
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kAmp 3=:?5 A:2?@ G:CEF@D@ H9@ 4@F=5 A=2J 3=F6D[ C@4<[ ;2KK[ 2?5 4@F?ECJ (6DE6C? W@7E6? >F=E:A=6 2E E96 D2>6 E:>6X[ #2J r92C=6D H2D 2 ECF6 EC2:=3=2K6C 7@C D@F= >FD:4[ D:?8=6\92?565=J D92A:?8 E96 86?C6 H:E9 4=2DD:4D 7C@> “w:E E96 #@25 y24<” E@ “*@F s@?’E z?@H |6” 2?5 :?;64E:?8 E96 86?C6 :?E@ 4@F?ECJ\H6DE6C? >FD:4] w:D 42C66C DA2??65 >@C6 E92? 92=7 2 46?EFCJ H:E9 DFCC62= 244@=256D :?4=F5:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^C2J\492C=6DQm`f vC2>>JDk^2m 2?5 92G:?8 9:D C6?5:E:@? @7 “v6@C8:2 @? |J |:?5” 36:?8 ?2>65 E96 @77:4:2= DE2E6 D@?8 @7 v6@C8:2]k^Am
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- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Born: May 26, 1926
- Died: Sept. 28, 1991
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$@ (92E” W`hdhXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i sF2?6 p==>2?[ {6DE6C q2?8D[ qC:2? t?@[ %:> qF4<=6J[ #:4< y2>6D[ u=62[ !C:?46k^Am
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- Jack Vartoogian // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 21, 1933
- Died: April 21, 2003
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- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 26, 1928
- Died: Oct. 24, 2017
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p:?’E %92E p $92>6” W`hddXk^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 22, 1931
- Died: Dec. 11, 1964
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p r92?86 xD v@??2 r@>6” W`hecXk^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: June 3, 1942
- Died: Dec. 26, 1999
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bcbg^36DE\6>>J\?@>:?2E65\D9@HD\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE t>>J ?@>:?2E65 D9@HD @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Founding members: O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley
- Essential listening: “Go for Your Guns” (1977)
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- Chris Ware // Getty Images
- Born: March 26, 1944
- Essential listening: “I’m Coming Out” (1980)
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- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Born: May 13, 1950
- Essential listening: “Sir Duke” (1976)
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- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: May 3, 1933
- Died: Dec. 25, 2006
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kAmqC@H? 2=D@ 3C@F89E @FE 9:D 42A6 3:E 7@C E9:D EF?6 H96? 96 A6C7@C>65 :E Wk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{"5|+`BC?e<Qm2 D49E:4< E92E 92D E@ 36 D66? E@ 36 ECF=J 2AAC64:2E65k^2mX[ :? H9:49 96 CF?D 9:>D6=7 C28865 @? DE286 F?E:= 2 42A6 :D AFE @G6C 9:D D9@F=56CD 2?5 qC@H? :D 8F:565 2H2J—@?=J 7@C qC@H? E@ E@DD E96 42A6 @77 :? 5C2>2E:4 72D9:@? 2?5 C6EFC? E@ E96 >:4C@A9@?6] %96 D46?6 E9C:==65 2F5:6?46D 2?5 H2D @?6 96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlve$B5p&BH'HQmC6A62E65 E9C@F89@FE 9:D 564256D\DA2??:?8 42C66Ck^2m] p?5[ A6C92AD >@DE E6==:?8=J[ C64@C5 =236=D 2E 7:CDE H6C6 D@ AFE @77 3J E96 8C:EE:?6DD @7 E96 D@?8 H96? 96 3682? A6C7@C>:?8 :E :? `hdc E92E qC@H? H6?E F?D:8?65 F?E:= `hde H96? z:?8 #64@C5D E@@< 2 492?46 2?5 D6E E96 w2C56DE (@C<:?8 |2? :? $9@H qFD:?6DD :? >@E:@? 2?5[ 2C8F23=J[ 492?865 D@F= >FD:4 7@C6G6C H9:=6 D6EE:?8 E96 DE286 7@C 2 ?6H 86?C6 @7 >FD:4 42==65 9:A\9@A]k^Am
- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: April 2, 1939
- Died: April 1, 1984
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i %96 (66<?5[ #@3:? %9:4<6[ %96 #@==:?8 $E@?6D[ p=:4:2 z6JD[ ~FE<2DE[ $62=[ v?2C=D q2C<=6J[ %96 q2?5[ pC6E92 uC2?<=:?[ %96 $EC@<6D[ s:2?2 #@DDk^Am
kAm$@F= 2CE:DE |2CG:? v2J6’D :?7=F6?46 42? 36 962C5 :? >@56C?\52J EC24<D 3J #@3:? %9:4<6 W“q=FCC65 {:?6D”X[ %96 (66<?5 W“%96 |FD:4”X[ 2?5 q:=2= W“{@G6 xE”X] %96 E2=6?E65 >FD:4:2? 5:5 >@C6 E92? HC:E6 9:D @H? EF?6D DE:== 25@C65 E@52Ji w6 H2D 2=D@ C6DA@?D:3=6 7@C >2DD:G6 9:ED 7@C %96 |2CG6=6EE6D[ |2CE92 U2>Aj %96 '2?56==2D[ 2?5 5:5 AC@5F4E:@? H@C< 7@C v=25JD z?:89E U2>Aj %96 !:AD 2?5 r9C:D r=2C< 2?5 E96 ~C:8:?2=D] w:D `hf` 2=3F> “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^a_``^_d^a`^`becdhage^>2CG:?\82J6D\H92ED\8@:?8\@?\D@?8D\H6\=@G6Qm(92E’D v@:?8 ~?k^2m” :D H:56=J F?56CDE@@5 E@ 36 @?6 @7 E96 >@DE EC2?D7@C>2E:G6[ :>A@CE2?E 2=3F>D @7 E96 6?E:C6 a_E9 46?EFCJ]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^b_fa^42?\J@F\2?DH6C\E96D6\C62=\;6@A2C5J\BF6DE:@?D\23@FE\EG\D9@HDQmr2? J@F 2?DH6C E96D6 C62= Vy6@A2C5JPV BF6DE:@?D 23@FE %' D9@HDnk^2mk^Am
- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Original members: David Ruffin (main lead singer), Paul Williams (secondary lead singer), Eddie Kendricks (first tenor lead singer), Melvin Franklin (bass lead singer)
- Essential listening: “My Girl” (1964)
kAm\ (9@ E96J :?DA:C65i %96 y24<D@? d[ |24J vC2J[ p= vC66?[ %96 !@:?E6C $:DE6CD[ %96 s@@3:6 qC@E96CDk^Am
kAm#U2>Ajq >682DE2CD %96 %6>AE2E:@?D H6C6 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^E6>AE2E:@?DQm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6 :? `hghk^2m 2?5 H6C6 C2E65 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:==3@2C5]4@>^492CED^8C62E6DE\C\3\9:A\9@A\2CE:DEDQmR` #U2>Ajq^w:A\w@A pCE:DED @7 p== %:>6k^2m 3J q:==3@2C5 |282K:?6] %96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>@E@H?>FD6F>]@C8^>@E@H?\D@F?5^E96\2CE:DED^E6>AE2E:@?D^Qm%6>AE2E:@?D’ :?7=F6?46k^2m @G6C D@F= >FD:4 2?5 #U2>Ajq 92D 366? 4@>A2C65 E@ E92E @7 E96 q62E=6D @G6C A@A 2?5 C@4<[ 2?5 E96:C 52?46 >@G6D 2?5 D:?8:?8 :?DA:C65 6G6CJ@?6 27E6C E96> 7C@> 3@J 32?5D E@ D@=@ 24ED]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1926
- Died: July 17, 1967
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “x?5:2” W`hebXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ uC2?< +2AA2[ y:>: w6?5C:I[ %96 qJC5Dk^Am
kAmw:DE@CJ’D >@DE :>A@CE2?E E6?@C D2I@A9@?:DE y@9? r@=EC2?6 5:5 >@C6 E92? EFC? ;2KK @? :ED 9625i xE 4C62E65 2 H9@=6 ?6H >FD:42= 86?C6 42==65 ADJ49656=:4 C@4<] %96 qJC5D[ H9@ HC@E6 “t:89E |:=6D w:89”—H:56=J C682C565 2D E96 7:CDE ADJ49656=:4 C@4< D@?8—E@@< 2 5:C64E 4F6 7C@> r@=EC2?6’D 2=3F>D “p7C:42^qC2DD” 2?5 “x>AC6DD:@?D[” DA64:7:42==J E96 EC24< “x?5:2” 7C@> E96 =2EE6C]k^Am
- JP Jazz Archive // Getty Images
- Born: March 25, 1942
- Died: Aug. 16, 2018
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “x }6G6C {@G65 2 |2? W%96 (2J x =@G65 *@FX” W`hefXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i y6??:76C wF5D@?[ {FE96C '2?5C@DD[ r92<2 z92?[ (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ p>J (:?69@FD6k^Am
kAmp?J@?6 H:E9 2 D6E @7 62CD 4@F=5 92G6 <?@H? :? `hde E92E `c\J62C\@=5 pC6E92 uC2?<=:? H2D 8@:?8 E@ 36 2 DE2C H96? D96 H2D C64@C565 =:G6 3J y\'\q C64@C5D D:?8:?8 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{$dx>3G2DA"Qm*@F vC@H r=@D6Ck^2m” 2E }6H q6E96= q2AE:DE r9FC49 :? s6EC@:E WE96 4@>A=6E6 C64@C5:?8D H6C6 C6=62D65 :? `hed 3J r964<6C #64@C5:?8DX] yFDE D:I J62CD =2E6C[ D96 H2D =2J:?8 5@H? 3=F6D 2?5 3:8\32?5 EC24<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlx@~%pHJ<=~_Qm}@3@5J {:<6 *@Fk^2m” E92E H@F=5 D6E 96C :?6G:E23=6 2D46?52?4J E@ 2 4F=EFC2= :4@? H:E9 2 D6G6?\564256 42C66C DA2??:?8 8@DA6=[ D@F=[ #U2>Ajq[ A@A[ C@4<[ 2?5 G:CEF2==J 6G6CJE9:?8 :? 36EH66?] x? `hgf[ D96 3642>6 E96 7:CDE H@>2? :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Nov. 27, 1942
- Died: Sept. 18, 1970
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “{:EE=6 (:?8” W`hefXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i y677 q64<[ !C:?46[ y@9? |2J6C[ z:C< w2>>6EE[ xD=6J qC@E96CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@==:?8DE@?6]4@>^>FD:4^>FD:4\=:DED^;:>:\96?5C:I\`_\8C62E\AC6\72>6\EC24<D\`adhbc^Qmy:>: w6?5C:Ik^2m 8C6H FA =:DE6?:?8 E@ qF55J vFJ[ |F55J (2E6CD[ 2?5 ;2KK >FD:4[ 2== @7 H9:49 2C6 2F5:3=6 :? 9:D 62C=J C64@C5:?8D] x? 255:E:@? E@ 36:?8 @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE 8F:E2C A=2J6CD E@ 6G6C =:G6[ 96 H2D 2=D@ @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE A6C7@C>6CD] w6?5C:I H2D ?@E@C:@FD 7@C A=2J:?8 8F:E2C H:E9 9:D E66E9[ D6EE:?8 :?DECF>6?ED @? 7:C6[ 2?5 D>2D9:?8 E96> @? DE286] w6 E@@< 492?46D H:E9 >FD:4 ?@ @?6 925 E2<6? 367@C6 2?5 A2G65 E96 H2J 7@C 7FEFC6 :??@G2E@CD =:<6 !C:?46]k^Am
- Evening Standard // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 6, 1945
- Died: May 11, 1981
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i x>>@CE2= %649?:BF6[ %96 !@=:46[ +24 qC@H? q2?5[ +:88J |2C=6Jk^Am
kAmq@3 |2C=6J D@=5 >@C6 E92? a_ >:==:@? C64@C5D 2?5 8@6D 5@H? :? 9:DE@CJ 2D 36:?8 E96 7:CDE H@C=5H:56 DF446DD E@ 4@>6 7C@> E96 “%9:C5 (@C=5]” pD 2? 2>32DD25@C 7@C C68826 >FD:4[ 96 96=A65 E@ DAC625 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]334]4@]F<^C6=:8:@?^C6=:8:@?D^C2DE272C:^36=:67D^36=:67D0`]D9E>=Qm#2DE272C:k^2m >6DD28:?8 E9C@F89 9:D D@?8D 2?5 D9@?6 2 DA@E=:89E @? y2>2:42 2?5 :ED A@=:E:4D] w6 255:E:@?2==J >256 C68826 >2:?DEC62>[ A2G:?8 E96 H2J 7@C :ED :?E6C?2E:@?2= A@AF=2C:EJ E9C@F89@FE E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D[ qC:E2:?[ 2?5 p7C:42]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bbcg^36DE\2?5\H@CDE\2=\A24:?@\>@G:6DQmq6DE 2?5 H@CDE p= !24:?@ >@G:6Dk^2mk^Am
- Gijsbert Hanekroot // Getty Images
- Born: April 16, 1955
- Esential listening: “Better Future” (with Mr. Green, 2019)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i p7C:<2 q2>322E22[ vC2?5>2DE6C u=2D9[ r9F4< s]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];29D@?:4]4@>^z@@=w6C4]9E>=Qmsy z@@= w6C4k^2m H2D 9@DE:?8 2 A2CEJ :? `hfb :? E96 qC@?I H96? 96 5:5 D@>6E9:?8 E92E 925 ?6G6C 366? 5@?6 367@C6i 2 E649?:BF6 96 42==65 E96 “|6CCJ\v@\#@F?5]” %@ AF== :E @77[ 96 FD65 EH@ EFC?E23=6D E@ DH:E49 36EH66? 3C62<362ED @7 y2>6D qC@H?’D “v:G6 xE &A ~C %FC? xE {@@D6[” |:4926= ':?6C’D “q@?8@ #@4<[” 2?5 q236 #FE9’D “%96 |6I:42?]” %96 C6DF=E H2D >@56C?\52J 9:A\9@A 2D H6 <?@H :E]k^Am
- Jemal Countess // Getty Images
- Original members: Maurice White (vocals, kalimba, drums, percussion), Verdine White (bass, percussion, vocals), Philip Bailey (vocals, conga, percussion, kalimba), Ralph Johnson (drums, percussion, vocals), B. David Whitworth (percussion, vocals), Myron McKinley (keyboards, musical director), John Paris (drums, vocals), Philip Bailey Jr. (vocals)
- Essential listening: “Sing a Song” (1975)
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kAmt2CE9[ (:?5 U2>Aj u:C6 Wt(uX DE2?5D 2=@?6 2D E96 3:886DE 7F?< 32?5 6G6C[ H:E9 EC24<D E92E D9@E E@ E96 E@A @7 E96 492CED E9C@F89@FE E96 ‘f_D] %96 8C@FA H2D :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^62CE9\H:?5\2?5\7:C6Qm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6k^2m :? a___[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^62CE9\H:?5\7:C6Qm62C?65 D:I vC2>>JDk^2m[ 2?5 D@=5 >@C6 E92? h_ >:==:@? 2=3F>D ;FDE :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D] t(u DE2J65 29625 @7 E96 E:>6D[ :?4@CA@C2E:?8 5:D4@[ 7F?<[ ;2KK[ 5@@\H@A[ D@F=[ {2E:?[ 2?5 A@A :?E@ E96:C EC24<D @G6C E96 J62CD] p55:E:@?2= 6G:56?46 @7 E96 32?5’D =2DE:?8 =6824J :D 2AA2C6?E :? 9@H >2?J 2CE:DED 3@CC@H t(u EC24<Di tG6CJ@?6 7C@> !F3=:4 t?6>J E@ {{ r@@= y 92G6 D2>A=65 EF?6D 7C@> E96 32?5’D DE2886C:?8 42E2=@8]k^Am
- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 29, 1958
- Died: June 25, 2009
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “%9C:==6C” W`hgaXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ qC:E?6J $A62CD[ qCF?@ |2CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:@8C2A9J]4@>^?6HD^>:4926=\;24<D@?\:4@?:4\>@>6?EDQm|:4926= y24<D@?k^2m’D 4@?7=:4E65 9:DE@CJ 42? >2<6 :E 5:77:4F=E @C F?D66>=J E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?JE:>6D]4@>^a_`h^_b^_g^A@542DED^E96\52:=J^>:4926=\;24<D@?\23FD6\=62G:?8\?6G6C=2?5]9E>=Qm2AAC64:2E6 E96 :CC6G6CD:3=6 :>A24E 96 925 @? E@52J’D >FD:4k^2m] x? 9:D >FD:42= 42C66C[ y24<D@? 3C@<6 E96 4@=@C 32CC:6C 3J 36:?8 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]4??]4@>^a__h^$w~(qx+^|FD:4^_e^ag^>:4926=];24<D@?]3=24<]4@>>F?:EJ^Qm7:CDE q=24< 2CE:DE @? |%'k^2m H:E9 9:D “q:==:6 y62?” G:56@j 96 56E6C>:?65 2 ?6H >6E9@5 @7 AC@5F4E:@? 2?5 AC@>@E:@? H:E9 “%9C:==6Cj” 2?5 96 E@@< 9@>6 9F?5C65D @7 2H2C5D] w6 2=D@ 7@==@H65 :? E96 7@@EDE6AD @7 8C62ED =:<6 }2E z:?8 r@=6[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>65:F>]4@>^o2=J]H:=3FC?^E96\<:?8\@7\A@A\9@H\>:4926=\;24<D@?\C6G@=FE:@?:K65\E96\>FD:4\:?5FDECJ\7h__gf55ahagQmAFD9:?8 E96 3@F?52C:6D @7 H92E C@=6D q=24< >6? 4@F=5 2446AE23=J @44FAJ :? p>6C:42? D@4:6EJk^2m[ H96E96C 25@C65[ H2?E65[ @C C636==:@FD]k^Am
- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: June 7, 1958
- Died: April 21, 2016
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “!FCA=6 #2:?” W`hgcXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i s’p?86=@[ q6J@?4é[ uC2?< ~462?[ $:?625 ~’r@??@C[ yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ q64<[ #:92??2[ y2?6==6 |@?á6k^Am
kAm!C:?46’D >FD:42= 6IA6C:>6?E2E:@? EC2?D7@C>65 C@4<[ 7F?<[ A@A[ 2?5 ?6H H2G6 >FD:4] w6 H2D f H96? 96 HC@E6 9:D 7:CDE D@?8[ “uF?< |249:?6[” 2?5 FD65 ?@E ;FDE 9:D D@=@ 42C66C E@ :>A24E 9@H >FD:4 H2D A24<2865 2?5 C646:G65[ 3FE 9:D H@C< 2D 2 4@==23@C2E@C 2?5 AC@5F46C] t2C=J :? 9:D 42C66C[ D@>6 @7 9:D >@DE 2>3:E:@FD H@C<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@<2JA=2J6C]4@>^@C:8:?2=D^AC:?46\36DE\D@?8\32?5\25>:C65\6?G:65]9E>=Qmfff\hb``k^2m” H6C6 FD65 :? @E96C 8C@FAD =:<6 %96 %:>6[ :? H9:49 !C:?46 D2?8 324<:?8 G@42=D 2?5 A=2J65 2== E96 :?DECF>6?ED] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]6G6CJE9:?8K@@>6C]4@>^2CED\6?E6CE2:?>6?E^a_`f^_e^_f^7:G6\H2JD\AC:?46\492?865\>FD:4^Qm}@ @?6 925 962C5 2?JE9:?8 =:<6 !C:?46 367@C6 96 42>6 2=@?8k^2m—3FE 7@C6G6C 27E6C[ J@F 4@F=5 962C 9:D =6824J :? EF?6D 7C@> 24ED 2D H:56\C2?8:?8 2D q64< 2?5 yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bb`b^36DE\D6==:?8\3@@<\D6C:6D\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE\D6==:?8 3@@< D6C:6D @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Neil Lupin // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 1, 1960
- Essential listening: “ Fight the Power” (1987)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i |@D s67[ %C:36 r2==65 "F6DEk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E968F2C5:2?]4@>^>FD:4^a_`f^?@G^`h^49F4<\5\:?E6CG:6H\9:A\9@A\724E\3@@<\AF3=:4\6?6>JQmr9F4< s]k^2m—AC@=:7:4 AC@5F46C[ 24E:G:DE[ 2?5 C2AA6C—@?46 72>@FD=J 42==65 !F3=:4 t?6>J[ E96 C2A 8C@FA 96 7@C>65[ E96 “r}} 7@C q=24< A6@A=6]” %92E’D 3642FD6 :? E96 =2E6 ‘g_D[ E96 >2DD6D 925 E@ =@@< E@ 9:A\9@A E@ 4@G6C C24:2= 5:DA2C:E:6D :? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6[ E96 AC:D@?\:?5FDEC:2= 4@>A=6I[ A@G6CEJ[ AC@7:=:?8[ 2?5 A@=:46 3CFE2=:EJ] r9F4< s] 96=A65 E@ DEC6?8E96? 2 4F=EFC6 @7 9:A\9@A E92E H@C<65 7@C D@4:2= 492?86 2?5 :?DA:C65 2 86?6C2E:@? @7 2CE:DED]k^Am
- David Corio // Getty Images
- Born: May 16, 1966
- Essential listening: “ Rhythm Nation” (1989)
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kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E962E=2?E:4]4@>^6?E6CE2:?>6?E^2C49:G6^a_`c^_h^E96\H@C=5\492?8:?8\2DA:C2E:@?D\@7\C9JE9>\?2E:@?\`g`c^bg_`cc^Qmy2?6E y24<D@?k^2m 9:E 96C A62< 2=@?8D:56 76==@H 962GJH6:89ED (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ |25@??2[ 2?5 %:?2 %FC?6C[ 3FE >2?2865 ?6G6CE96=6DD E@ 42CG6 @FE 96C @H? 9:89=J DA64:7:4 C@=6 :? p>6C:42? >FD:4 E92E H@F=5 36 7@C6G6C :>:E2E65 J6E ?6G6C 5FA=:42E65] $96 H2D 23=6 E@ C6249 =:DE6?6CD @7 2== C246D 2?5 324<8C@F?5D 2?5 6G6CJ 286 8C@FA[ 92D D@=5 >@C6 E92? `__ >:==:@? C64@C5D[ 2?5 H@? 5@K6?D @7 244@=256D 7C@> vC2>>JD E@ p>6C:42? |FD:4 2H2C5D]k^Am
kAmw6C `hgh 2=3F> “#9JE9> }2E:@?” DE2?5D 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE D:8?:7:42?E @7 :ED 6C2[ H:E9 :ED E:E=6 EC24< 56D4C:365 3J y24<D@? 96CD6=7 2D “E96 ?2E:@?2= 2?E96> 7@C E96 ‘h_D]” uC@> A@=:E:42= >6DD28:?8 2?5 DEF??:?8 52?46 C@FE:?6D E@ 96C 23:=:EJ E@ EC2?D46?5 86?C6D WE649?@\D@F=\C@4<\A@A 2?5 324< 282:?X[ y24<D@? D6E ?6H DE2?52C5D 7@C >FD:4 G:56@D[ 52?46 49@C6@8C2A9J[ 2?5 3C62<:?8 D6IF2= E23@@D] w6C =6824J 4@?E:?F6D E@ C6G6C36C2E6 E9C@F89@FE >FD:42= 86?C6D 2D 72C\7=F?8 2D :?5:6 C@4< 2?5 #U2>Ajq]k^Am
- Christopher Polk // Getty Images
- Born: June 16, 1971
- Died: Sept. 13, 1996
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ t>:?6>[ yFDE:? q:636C[ sC2<6k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^`_d`E963@F?46]4@>^a_`f^_e^`e^9@H\EFA24\D92<FC\492?865\9:A\9@A\7@C6G6C^Qm%FA24 $92<FCk^2m H2D E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 2CE:DE E@ C64@C5 2 5@F3=6 2=3F> 2?5[ :? a_`f[ 96 A@DE9F>@FD=J 3642>6 E96 7:CDE D@=@ C2AA6C E@ 36 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6] w6 :D C6G6C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ 2?5 =67E 9:D :?56=:3=6 >2C< @? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6 ?@E ;FDE 2D 2 C2AA6C H:E9 `` A=2E:?F>\D6==:?8 2=3F>D 2?5 H@C=5H:56 ?@E@C:6EJ[ 3FE 2=D@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96D@FC46]4@>^a_`e^_e^`e^EFA24\D92<FC\E96\AC@E@EJA6\@7\2\DEC66E\A@6E^Qm2D 2 A@6Ek^2m]k^Am
- Al Pereira // Getty Images
- Born: Dec. 4, 1969
- Essential listening: “Public Service Announcement” (2003)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ z2?J6 (6DEk^Am
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- Brian Ach // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 4, 1981
- Essential listening: “ Formation” (2016)
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- Larry Busacca/PW18 // Getty Images
- Born: June 17, 1987
- Essential listening: “Love.” (Feat. Zacari, 2017)
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- Santiago Bluguermann // Getty Images
- Born: April 25, 1917
- Died: June 15, 1996
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- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
Black artists music wouldn't be the same without
Black artists music wouldn't be the same without
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There is no American music that doesn’t have Black roots. From country-western, which draws upon banjo music from Africa, to rock ‘n’ roll, begun by a Black woman playing electric guitar in 1938, American music can’t be separated out from its rich history of diversity and experimentation.
Every artist transforms his or her medium simply by working in it, and it so follows that every musician changes the art form slightly just by creating and performing songs. But throughout American history, there are examples of artists who have been so transformative as to change musical genres themselves. Other times, artists unwittingly create new genres—whether Fela Kuti with Afrobeat, Frankie Knuckles with house music, or Fats Domino with ska.
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- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: 1868 (approximate—actual birth date unknown)
- Died: April 1, 1917
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 4, 1901
- Died: July 6, 1971
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “(6DE t?5 q=F6D” W`hagXk^Am
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 15, 1894
- Died: Sept. 26, 1937
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- Anthony Barboza // Getty Images
- Born: May 8, 1911
- Died: Aug. 16, 1938
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- Delta Haze Corporation // Wikimedia Commons
- Born: April 29, 1899
- Died: May 24, 1974
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 7, 1915
- Died: July 17, 1959
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$EC2?86 uCF:E” W`hbhXk^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: July 8, 1908
- Died: Feb. 4, 1975
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 10, 1917
- Died: Feb. 17, 1982
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- David Redfern // Getty Images
- Born: March 17, 1919
- Died: February 15, 1965
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- Imagno // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 25, 1938
- Died: Jan. 20, 2012
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kAmtEE2 y2>6D EC2?D46?565 >FD:42= 86?C6D[ =:G:?8 2E G2C:@FD E:>6D H:E9:? 8@DA6=[ ;2KK[ C@4< ‘?’ C@==[ D@F=[ 2?5 #U2>Ajq E9C@F89@FE 96C DEF??:?8[ 564256D\DA2??:?8 42C66C] $96 H2D 5:D4@G6C65 2D 2 E66?286C 3J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]5:D4@8D]4@>^2CE:DE^ghee_\tEE2\y2>6DQmy@9??J ~E:Dk^2m 2?5 42>6 @FE :? `hdd H:E9 96C 7:CDE 9:E[ “%96 (2==7=@H6C]” uC@> E96C6[ 96C >6E6@C:4 C:D6 :?4=F565 4=2DD:4 9:ED =:<6 “pE {2DE[” “$@>6E9:?8’D v@E 2 w@=5 ~? |6[” 2?5 “x’5 #2E96C v@ q=:?5]” y2>6D :D C6G6C65 7@C 24E:?8 2D 2 3C:586 7C@> #U2>Ajq E@ C@4< ‘?’ C@==[ 2?5 92D 366? 9@?@C65 H:E9 ?F>6C@FD vC2>>JD 2?5 q=F6D |FD:4 pH2C5D[ 2?5 2? :?5F4E:@? :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6[ q=F6D w2== @7 u2>6[ 2?5 vC2>>J w2== @7 u2>6]k^Am
- Andrew Putler// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 16, 1925
- Died: May 14, 2015
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “%96 %9C:== xD v@?6” W`hehXk^Am
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- Estate Of Keith Morris // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 18, 1926
- Died: March 18, 2017
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kAmq6CCJ’D 2D46?E 42>6 2E E96 4@DE @7 9:> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@=:E:4@]4@>^>282K:?6^DE@CJ^a_`f^_b^E96\A@=:E:4D\@7\36:?8\49F4<\36CCJ\a`chbcQmDH2==@H:?8 9:D A6CDA64E:G6D @? C24:2= E6?D:@?Dk^2m @7 E96 E:>6 2?5 65:E:?8 D@?8 =JC:4D E@ >2<6 E96> >@C6 A2=A23=6 7@C H9:E6 2F5:6?46D] x? “y@9??J q] v@@56[” 7@C 6I2>A=6[ q6CCJ DH2AA65 E96 A9C2D6 “4@=@C65 3@J” 7@C “4@F?ECJ 3@J”—E96C63J 492?8:?8 E96 >62?:?8 7C@> 2? 2FE@3:@8C2A9:42= =:?6 E@ 2 >@C6 86?6C2=:K65 2?E96> 7@C p>6C:42’D J@FE9]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1930
- Died: June 10, 2004
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “(92E’5 x $2J !2CED ` U2>Aj a” W`hdhXk^Am
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- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Born: May 26, 1926
- Died: Sept. 28, 1991
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$@ (92E” W`hdhXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i sF2?6 p==>2?[ {6DE6C q2?8D[ qC:2? t?@[ %:> qF4<=6J[ #:4< y2>6D[ u=62[ !C:?46k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^a_`e^_b^ae^cf`ghabdd^e\>:=6D\52G:D\2=3F>D\E92E\492?865\>FD:4Qm|:=6D s2G:D’ 2=3F>Dk^2m 5:5 >@C6 E92? :?7=F6?46 >FD:4i %96J 492?865 :E 7@C6G6C] uC@> “q:CE9 @7 E96 r@@=” W`hdfX[ :? H9:49 J@F 42? 962C s2G:D =62G:?8 36\3@A 369:?5[ E@ “q:E496D qC6H” W`hf_X[ E96 8@=5 DE2?52C5 :? ;2KK 7FD:@?[ s2G:D 56>@?DEC2E6D 2? F?42??J 23:=:EJ E@ 92C?6DD ?6H D@F?5D @7 E96 52J 2?5 AFE E96> 2E E96 7@C67C@?E @7 9:D >FD:4—@7E6?E:>6D 3C:?8:?8 E96 G6CJ >FD:4:2?D D6CG:?8 2D E9@D6 EC2:=3=2K6CD :?E@ 9:D 32?5D] w6 :??@G2E65 @? 6G6CJ A:646 @7 >FD:4 96 HC@E6[ E@@< 492?46D[ 2?5 ?6G6C 8C6H 4@>A=246?Ei }@ EH@ @7 9:D 2=3F>D 2C6 2=:<6] %96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^AF55:?8]4@@=^a_`f^_b^>:=6D^Qm649@6D @7 s2G:D’ :>A24E 42? 36 76=E E9C@F89@FE @FC 4F=EFC6k^2m]k^Am
- Jack Vartoogian // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 21, 1933
- Died: April 21, 2003
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kAmpD 2 49:=5 AC@5:8J[ $:>@?6 W3@C? tF?:46 z2E9=66? (2J>@?X EC2:?65 E@ 364@>6 E96 7:CDE q=24< H@>2? 4@?46CE A:2?:DE] qFE 2 C24:2==J >@E:G2E65 C6;64E:@? :? `hd` 7C@> E96 rFCE:D x?DE:EFE6 @7 |FD:4 D6?E $:>@?6 @? 2?@E96C A2E9 6?E:C6=J] p5@AE:?8 2 DE286 ?2>6 E@ 9:56 E96 724E D96 H2D A=2J:?8 H92E 96C >:?:DE6C >@E96C 4@?D:56C65 56G:=’D >FD:4[ $:>@?6 DE2CE65 A=2J:?8 A:2?@—2?5 D@@? 6?@F89 D:?8:?8—:? 2? pE=2?E:4 r:EJ[ }6H y6CD6J[ 32C]k^Am
kAmw6C D@?8D @7E6? 562=E H:E9 :DDF6D @7 E96 52J ?@ @?6 6=D6 H@F=5 E@F49—7C@> “u@FC (@>2?[” 23@FE 2 q=24< AC@DE:EFE6[ 24E:G:DE[ 52F89E6C @7 D=2G6D[ 2?5 :?E6CC24:2= H@>2? E@ “|:DD:DD:AA: v@5 s2>?[” 23@FE E96 >FC56C @7 |6582C tG6CD[ D96 H2D @FEDA@<6? 2?5 F?27C2:5 @7 324<=2D9 E@ 96C 9@?6DEJ] x? D@ 5@:?8[ D96 =2:5 E96 8C@F?5H@C< 7@C 7FEFC6 9:A\9@A 2CE:DED[ 4:G:= C:89ED 24E:G:DED[ 2?5 q=24< >FD:4:2?D]k^Am
- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 26, 1928
- Died: Oct. 24, 2017
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p:?’E %92E p $92>6” W`hddXk^Am
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 22, 1931
- Died: Dec. 11, 1964
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “p r92?86 xD v@??2 r@>6” W`hecXk^Am
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kAm&?=:<6 }:?2 $:>@?6[ $2> r@@<6 DECF88=65 E@ 7:?5 9:D A=246 :? E96 4:G:= C:89ED >@G6>6?E 2D 96 6?;@J65 2 >6E6@C:4 C:D6 2D 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^a_`c^_a^_`^aeghhd_bb^D2>\4@@<6\2?5\E96\D@?8\E92E\2=>@DE\D42C65\9:>Qm4C@DD@G6C D6?D2E:@?k^2m H9@ 3C:5865 8@DA6= 2?5 D@F= >FD:4 H:E9 G2?:==2 9:ED =:<6 “qC:?8 xE @? w@>6 E@ |6” 2?5 “%H:DE:?V E96 }:89E pH2J]Q $@>6E9:?8 D9:7E65 7@C r@@<6 H96? 96 962C5 q@3 sJ=2?’D `heb AC@E6DE D@?8 “q=@H:?’ :? E96 (:?5]” s:DD2E:D7:65 E92E H9:E6 D:?86CD D9@F=5 36 E96 @?=J @?6D 5:D4FDD:?8 4:G:= C:89ED[ r@@<6 42>6 @FE E96 7@==@H:?8 J62C H:E9 E96 6>@E:@?2= “p r92?86 xD v@??2 r@>6[” @77 9:D 2=3F> “p:?’E %92E v@@5 }6HD]” xE H2D 9:D `bE9—2?5 7:?2=—2=3F> 367@C6 96 H2D D9@E 2?5 <:==65 :? 2 >@E6= @? s64] ``[ `hec]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: June 3, 1942
- Died: Dec. 26, 1999
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “z66A @? !FD9:?8” W%96 x>AC6DD:@?D[ `hecXk^Am
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bcbg^36DE\6>>J\?@>:?2E65\D9@HD\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE t>>J ?@>:?2E65 D9@HD @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Founding members: O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley
- Essential listening: “Go for Your Guns” (1977)
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- Chris Ware // Getty Images
- Born: March 26, 1944
- Essential listening: “I’m Coming Out” (1980)
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- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Born: May 13, 1950
- Essential listening: “Sir Duke” (1976)
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kAm$E6G:6 (@?56C W3@C? $E6G=2?5 w2C52H2J |@CC:DX[ 3=:?5 D:?46 :?72?4J[ 56>@?DEC2E65 2? 62C=J >2DE6CJ @G6C >F=E:A=6 :?DECF>6?ED 2?5 2 ?2EFC2= D:?8:?8 23:=:EJ] w:D 7:CDE 2=3F> 42>6 @FE :? `hea H96? 96 H2D ;FDE `a] $:>:=2C=J E@ rFCE:D |2J7:6=5[ (@?56C 5:5?’E D9J 2H2J 7C@> E96 DJDE6>:4 C24:D> 96 72465 6G6CJ 52Ji “{:G:?8 7@C E96 r:EJ” 4@?7C@?E65 E96D6 :DDF6D 9625\@? 2D 62C=J 2D `hfd[ H96? 76H @E96C 2CE:DED H6C6 5@:?8 D@] |@DE 4C:E:4D 28C66 (@?56C’D 4C@H?:?8 249:6G6>6?E H2D E96 `hfe 2=3F> “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@==:?8DE@?6]4@>^>FD:4^>FD:4\762EFC6D^:?D:56\DE6G:6\H@?56CD\6A:4\>28?F>\@AFD\D@?8D\:?\E96\<6J\@7\=:76\`accfg^Qm$@?8D :? E96 z6J @7 {:76k^2m[” 2 72C\C6249:?8[ A@:8?2?E 2=3F> E92E 62C?65 E96 5:DE:?4E:@? @7 p=3F> @7 E96 *62C 2E E96 `hE9 vC2>>J pH2C5D]k^Am
- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: May 3, 1933
- Died: Dec. 25, 2006
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kAmqC@H? 2=D@ 3C@F89E @FE 9:D 42A6 3:E 7@C E9:D EF?6 H96? 96 A6C7@C>65 :E Wk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{"5|+`BC?e<Qm2 D49E:4< E92E 92D E@ 36 D66? E@ 36 ECF=J 2AAC64:2E65k^2mX[ :? H9:49 96 CF?D 9:>D6=7 C28865 @? DE286 F?E:= 2 42A6 :D AFE @G6C 9:D D9@F=56CD 2?5 qC@H? :D 8F:565 2H2J—@?=J 7@C qC@H? E@ E@DD E96 42A6 @77 :? 5C2>2E:4 72D9:@? 2?5 C6EFC? E@ E96 >:4C@A9@?6] %96 D46?6 E9C:==65 2F5:6?46D 2?5 H2D @?6 96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlve$B5p&BH'HQmC6A62E65 E9C@F89@FE 9:D 564256D\DA2??:?8 42C66Ck^2m] p?5[ A6C92AD >@DE E6==:?8=J[ C64@C5 =236=D 2E 7:CDE H6C6 D@ AFE @77 3J E96 8C:EE:?6DD @7 E96 D@?8 H96? 96 3682? A6C7@C>:?8 :E :? `hdc E92E qC@H? H6?E F?D:8?65 F?E:= `hde H96? z:?8 #64@C5D E@@< 2 492?46 2?5 D6E E96 w2C56DE (@C<:?8 |2? :? $9@H qFD:?6DD :? >@E:@? 2?5[ 2C8F23=J[ 492?865 D@F= >FD:4 7@C6G6C H9:=6 D6EE:?8 E96 DE286 7@C 2 ?6H 86?C6 @7 >FD:4 42==65 9:A\9@A]k^Am
- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: April 2, 1939
- Died: April 1, 1984
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kAm$@F= 2CE:DE |2CG:? v2J6’D :?7=F6?46 42? 36 962C5 :? >@56C?\52J EC24<D 3J #@3:? %9:4<6 W“q=FCC65 {:?6D”X[ %96 (66<?5 W“%96 |FD:4”X[ 2?5 q:=2= W“{@G6 xE”X] %96 E2=6?E65 >FD:4:2? 5:5 >@C6 E92? HC:E6 9:D @H? EF?6D DE:== 25@C65 E@52Ji w6 H2D 2=D@ C6DA@?D:3=6 7@C >2DD:G6 9:ED 7@C %96 |2CG6=6EE6D[ |2CE92 U2>Aj %96 '2?56==2D[ 2?5 5:5 AC@5F4E:@? H@C< 7@C v=25JD z?:89E U2>Aj %96 !:AD 2?5 r9C:D r=2C< 2?5 E96 ~C:8:?2=D] w:D `hf` 2=3F> “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^a_``^_d^a`^`becdhage^>2CG:?\82J6D\H92ED\8@:?8\@?\D@?8D\H6\=@G6Qm(92E’D v@:?8 ~?k^2m” :D H:56=J F?56CDE@@5 E@ 36 @?6 @7 E96 >@DE EC2?D7@C>2E:G6[ :>A@CE2?E 2=3F>D @7 E96 6?E:C6 a_E9 46?EFCJ]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^b_fa^42?\J@F\2?DH6C\E96D6\C62=\;6@A2C5J\BF6DE:@?D\23@FE\EG\D9@HDQmr2? J@F 2?DH6C E96D6 C62= Vy6@A2C5JPV BF6DE:@?D 23@FE %' D9@HDnk^2mk^Am
- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Original members: David Ruffin (main lead singer), Paul Williams (secondary lead singer), Eddie Kendricks (first tenor lead singer), Melvin Franklin (bass lead singer)
- Essential listening: “My Girl” (1964)
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kAm#U2>Ajq >682DE2CD %96 %6>AE2E:@?D H6C6 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^E6>AE2E:@?DQm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6 :? `hghk^2m 2?5 H6C6 C2E65 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:==3@2C5]4@>^492CED^8C62E6DE\C\3\9:A\9@A\2CE:DEDQmR` #U2>Ajq^w:A\w@A pCE:DED @7 p== %:>6k^2m 3J q:==3@2C5 |282K:?6] %96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>@E@H?>FD6F>]@C8^>@E@H?\D@F?5^E96\2CE:DED^E6>AE2E:@?D^Qm%6>AE2E:@?D’ :?7=F6?46k^2m @G6C D@F= >FD:4 2?5 #U2>Ajq 92D 366? 4@>A2C65 E@ E92E @7 E96 q62E=6D @G6C A@A 2?5 C@4<[ 2?5 E96:C 52?46 >@G6D 2?5 D:?8:?8 :?DA:C65 6G6CJ@?6 27E6C E96> 7C@> 3@J 32?5D E@ D@=@ 24ED]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1926
- Died: July 17, 1967
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “x?5:2” W`hebXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ uC2?< +2AA2[ y:>: w6?5C:I[ %96 qJC5Dk^Am
kAmw:DE@CJ’D >@DE :>A@CE2?E E6?@C D2I@A9@?:DE k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AC]@C8^AC@8C2>D^;2KKAC@7:=6D^2C49:G6^4@=EC2?60`]9E>=Qmy@9? r@=EC2?6k^2m 5:5 >@C6 E92? EFC? ;2KK @? :ED 9625i xE 4C62E65 2 H9@=6 ?6H >FD:42= 86?C6 42==65 ADJ49656=:4 C@4<] %96 qJC5D[ H9@ HC@E6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>FD:47@C]FD^a_`g^_h^`h^E96\3JC5D\6:89E\>:=6D\9:89\`hee^Qmt:89E |:=6D w:89k^2m”—H:56=J C682C565 2D E96 7:CDE ADJ49656=:4 C@4< D@?8—E@@< 2 5:C64E 4F6 7C@> r@=EC2?6’D 2=3F>D “p7C:42^qC2DD” 2?5 “x>AC6DD:@?D[” DA64:7:42==J E96 EC24< “x?5:2” 7C@> E96 =2EE6C]k^Am
- JP Jazz Archive // Getty Images
- Born: March 25, 1942
- Died: Aug. 16, 2018
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kAmp?J@?6 H:E9 2 D6E @7 62CD 4@F=5 92G6 <?@H? :? `hde E92E `c\J62C\@=5 pC6E92 uC2?<=:? H2D 8@:?8 E@ 36 2 DE2C H96? D96 H2D C64@C565 =:G6 3J y\'\q C64@C5D D:?8:?8 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{$dx>3G2DA"Qm*@F vC@H r=@D6Ck^2m” 2E }6H q6E96= q2AE:DE r9FC49 :? s6EC@:E WE96 4@>A=6E6 C64@C5:?8D H6C6 C6=62D65 :? `hed 3J r964<6C #64@C5:?8DX] yFDE D:I J62CD =2E6C[ D96 H2D =2J:?8 5@H? 3=F6D 2?5 3:8\32?5 EC24<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlx@~%pHJ<=~_Qm}@3@5J {:<6 *@Fk^2m” E92E H@F=5 D6E 96C :?6G:E23=6 2D46?52?4J E@ 2 4F=EFC2= :4@? H:E9 2 D6G6?\564256 42C66C DA2??:?8 8@DA6=[ D@F=[ #U2>Ajq[ A@A[ C@4<[ 2?5 G:CEF2==J 6G6CJE9:?8 :? 36EH66?] x? `hgf[ D96 3642>6 E96 7:CDE H@>2? :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Nov. 27, 1942
- Died: Sept. 18, 1970
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kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@==:?8DE@?6]4@>^>FD:4^>FD:4\=:DED^;:>:\96?5C:I\`_\8C62E\AC6\72>6\EC24<D\`adhbc^Qmy:>: w6?5C:Ik^2m 8C6H FA =:DE6?:?8 E@ qF55J vFJ[ |F55J (2E6CD[ 2?5 ;2KK >FD:4[ 2== @7 H9:49 2C6 2F5:3=6 :? 9:D 62C=J C64@C5:?8D] x? 255:E:@? E@ 36:?8 @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE 8F:E2C A=2J6CD E@ 6G6C =:G6[ 96 H2D 2=D@ @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE A6C7@C>6CD] w6?5C:I H2D ?@E@C:@FD 7@C A=2J:?8 8F:E2C H:E9 9:D E66E9[ D6EE:?8 :?DECF>6?ED @? 7:C6[ 2?5 D>2D9:?8 E96> @? DE286] w6 E@@< 492?46D H:E9 >FD:4 ?@ @?6 925 E2<6? 367@C6 2?5 A2G65 E96 H2J 7@C 7FEFC6 :??@G2E@CD =:<6 !C:?46]k^Am
- Evening Standard // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 6, 1945
- Died: May 11, 1981
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kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bbcg^36DE\2?5\H@CDE\2=\A24:?@\>@G:6DQmq6DE 2?5 H@CDE p= !24:?@ >@G:6Dk^2mk^Am
- Gijsbert Hanekroot // Getty Images
- Born: April 16, 1955
- Esential listening: “Better Future” (with Mr. Green, 2019)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i p7C:<2 q2>322E22[ vC2?5>2DE6C u=2D9[ r9F4< s]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];29D@?:4]4@>^z@@=w6C4]9E>=Qmsy z@@= w6C4k^2m H2D 9@DE:?8 2 A2CEJ :? `hfb :? E96 qC@?I H96? 96 5:5 D@>6E9:?8 E92E 925 ?6G6C 366? 5@?6 367@C6i 2 E649?:BF6 96 42==65 E96 “|6CCJ\v@\#@F?5]” %@ AF== :E @77[ 96 FD65 EH@ EFC?E23=6D E@ DH:E49 36EH66? 3C62<362ED @7 y2>6D qC@H?’D “v:G6 xE &A ~C %FC? xE {@@D6[” |:4926= ':?6C’D “q@?8@ #@4<[” 2?5 q236 #FE9’D “%96 |6I:42?]” %96 C6DF=E H2D >@56C?\52J 9:A\9@A 2D H6 <?@H :E]k^Am
- Jemal Countess // Getty Images
- Original members: Maurice White (vocals, kalimba, drums, percussion), Verdine White (bass, percussion, vocals), Philip Bailey (vocals, conga, percussion, kalimba), Ralph Johnson (drums, percussion, vocals), B. David Whitworth (percussion, vocals), Myron McKinley (keyboards, musical director), John Paris (drums, vocals), Philip Bailey Jr. (vocals)
- Essential listening: “Sing a Song” (1975)
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- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 29, 1958
- Died: June 25, 2009
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- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: June 7, 1958
- Died: April 21, 2016
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “!FCA=6 #2:?” W`hgcXk^Am
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kAm!C:?46’D >FD:42= 6IA6C:>6?E2E:@? EC2?D7@C>65 C@4<[ 7F?<[ A@A[ 2?5 ?6H H2G6 >FD:4] w6 H2D f H96? 96 HC@E6 9:D 7:CDE D@?8[ “uF?< |249:?6[” 2?5 FD65 ?@E ;FDE 9:D D@=@ 42C66C E@ :>A24E 9@H >FD:4 H2D A24<2865 2?5 C646:G65[ 3FE 9:D H@C< 2D 2 4@==23@C2E@C 2?5 AC@5F46C] t2C=J :? 9:D 42C66C[ D@>6 @7 9:D >@DE 2>3:E:@FD H@C<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@<2JA=2J6C]4@>^@C:8:?2=D^AC:?46\36DE\D@?8\32?5\25>:C65\6?G:65]9E>=Qmfff\hb``k^2m” H6C6 FD65 :? @E96C 8C@FAD =:<6 %96 %:>6[ :? H9:49 !C:?46 D2?8 324<:?8 G@42=D 2?5 A=2J65 2== E96 :?DECF>6?ED] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]6G6CJE9:?8K@@>6C]4@>^2CED\6?E6CE2:?>6?E^a_`f^_e^_f^7:G6\H2JD\AC:?46\492?865\>FD:4^Qm}@ @?6 925 962C5 2?JE9:?8 =:<6 !C:?46 367@C6 96 42>6 2=@?8k^2m—3FE 7@C6G6C 27E6C[ J@F 4@F=5 962C 9:D =6824J :? EF?6D 7C@> 24ED 2D H:56\C2?8:?8 2D q64< 2?5 yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bb`b^36DE\D6==:?8\3@@<\D6C:6D\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE\D6==:?8 3@@< D6C:6D @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Neil Lupin // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 1, 1960
- Essential listening: “ Fight the Power” (1987)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i |@D s67[ %C:36 r2==65 "F6DEk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E968F2C5:2?]4@>^>FD:4^a_`f^?@G^`h^49F4<\5\:?E6CG:6H\9:A\9@A\724E\3@@<\AF3=:4\6?6>JQmr9F4< s]k^2m—AC@=:7:4 AC@5F46C[ 24E:G:DE[ 2?5 C2AA6C—@?46 72>@FD=J 42==65 !F3=:4 t?6>J[ E96 C2A 8C@FA 96 7@C>65[ E96 “r}} 7@C q=24< A6@A=6]” %92E’D 3642FD6 :? E96 =2E6 ‘g_D[ E96 >2DD6D 925 E@ =@@< E@ 9:A\9@A E@ 4@G6C C24:2= 5:DA2C:E:6D :? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6[ E96 AC:D@?\:?5FDEC:2= 4@>A=6I[ A@G6CEJ[ AC@7:=:?8[ 2?5 A@=:46 3CFE2=:EJ] r9F4< s] 96=A65 E@ DEC6?8E96? 2 4F=EFC6 @7 9:A\9@A E92E H@C<65 7@C D@4:2= 492?86 2?5 :?DA:C65 2 86?6C2E:@? @7 2CE:DED]k^Am
- David Corio // Getty Images
- Born: May 16, 1966
- Essential listening: “ Rhythm Nation” (1989)
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kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E962E=2?E:4]4@>^6?E6CE2:?>6?E^2C49:G6^a_`c^_h^E96\H@C=5\492?8:?8\2DA:C2E:@?D\@7\C9JE9>\?2E:@?\`g`c^bg_`cc^Qmy2?6E y24<D@?k^2m 9:E 96C A62< 2=@?8D:56 76==@H 962GJH6:89ED (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ |25@??2[ 2?5 %:?2 %FC?6C[ 3FE >2?2865 ?6G6CE96=6DD E@ 42CG6 @FE 96C @H? 9:89=J DA64:7:4 C@=6 :? p>6C:42? >FD:4 E92E H@F=5 36 7@C6G6C :>:E2E65 J6E ?6G6C 5FA=:42E65] $96 H2D 23=6 E@ C6249 =:DE6?6CD @7 2== C246D 2?5 324<8C@F?5D 2?5 6G6CJ 286 8C@FA[ 92D D@=5 >@C6 E92? `__ >:==:@? C64@C5D[ 2?5 H@? 5@K6?D @7 244@=256D 7C@> vC2>>JD E@ p>6C:42? |FD:4 2H2C5D]k^Am
kAmw6C `hgh 2=3F> “#9JE9> }2E:@?” DE2?5D 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE D:8?:7:42?E @7 :ED 6C2[ H:E9 :ED E:E=6 EC24< 56D4C:365 3J y24<D@? 96CD6=7 2D “E96 ?2E:@?2= 2?E96> 7@C E96 ‘h_D]” uC@> A@=:E:42= >6DD28:?8 2?5 DEF??:?8 52?46 C@FE:?6D E@ 96C 23:=:EJ E@ EC2?D46?5 86?C6D WE649?@\D@F=\C@4<\A@A 2?5 324< 282:?X[ y24<D@? D6E ?6H DE2?52C5D 7@C >FD:4 G:56@D[ 52?46 49@C6@8C2A9J[ 2?5 3C62<:?8 D6IF2= E23@@D] w6C =6824J 4@?E:?F6D E@ C6G6C36C2E6 E9C@F89@FE >FD:42= 86?C6D 2D 72C\7=F?8 2D :?5:6 C@4< 2?5 #U2>Ajq]k^Am
- Christopher Polk // Getty Images
- Born: June 16, 1971
- Died: Sept. 13, 1996
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “s62C |2>2” W`hhdXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ t>:?6>[ yFDE:? q:636C[ sC2<6k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^`_d`E963@F?46]4@>^a_`f^_e^`e^9@H\EFA24\D92<FC\492?865\9:A\9@A\7@C6G6C^Qm%FA24 $92<FCk^2m H2D E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 2CE:DE E@ C64@C5 2 5@F3=6 2=3F> 2?5[ :? a_`f[ 96 A@DE9F>@FD=J 3642>6 E96 7:CDE D@=@ C2AA6C E@ 36 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6] w6 :D C6G6C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ 2?5 =67E 9:D :?56=:3=6 >2C< @? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6 ?@E ;FDE 2D 2 C2AA6C H:E9 `` A=2E:?F>\D6==:?8 2=3F>D 2?5 H@C=5H:56 ?@E@C:6EJ[ 3FE 2=D@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96D@FC46]4@>^a_`e^_e^`e^EFA24\D92<FC\E96\AC@E@EJA6\@7\2\DEC66E\A@6E^Qm2D 2 A@6Ek^2m]k^Am
- Al Pereira // Getty Images
- Born: Dec. 4, 1969
- Essential listening: “Public Service Announcement” (2003)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ z2?J6 (6DEk^Am
kAm%96 DEF??:?8[ 2H2C5\DA64<=65 C:D6 @7 y2J\+ W$92H? r2CE6CX @G6C 9:D b_\J62C 42C66C 3682? H:E9 9:D :?56A6?56?E=J C6=62D65 “#62D@?23=6 s@F3E” :? `hhe @? 9:D ?6H=J 4C62E65 =236=[ #@4\p\u6==2 2?5 4@?E:?F6D E@ E9:D 52J H:E9 E92E =236= >2<:?8 9:> E96 C:496DE >2? :? 9:A\9@A] w:D ?6E H@CE9 DE2?5D 2E 2C@F?5 S` 3:==:@?[ 244@C5:?8 E@ u@C36D[ H9:49 >2<6D 9:> E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 3:==:@?2:C6 :? 9:DE@CJ] w6 56>@?DEC2E6D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3FD:?6DD:?D:56C]4@>^;2J\K\?6E\H@CE9\a_`g\hQmG2DE C62496D @7 E@52J’D >FD:4 :?5FDECJk^2m[ H:E9 9:D 92?5D @G6C E96 J62CD :? 2 DEC62>:?8 D6CG:46[ 2=4@9@= 4@>A2?J[ 4=@E9:?8 =:?6[ DA@CED 4=F3[ 2?5 G2C:@FD 6?E6CE2:?>6?E =236=D] w:D D64C6En #6=J:?8 @? 9:>D6=7 E@ 3F:=5 9:D 3C2?5D 2?5 C2AA:?8 23@FE E92E H9:49 96 <?@HD >@DE 23@FEi 9:>D6=7] xE’D ?@E 2 DEC6E49 E@ D2J 96’D 36=:6G65 E@ 36 2>@?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@A>2EE6CD]4@>^`e`fff\:?\5676?D6\@7\;2J\K\2D\E96\>@DE\:>A@CE2?E\A6CD@?\:?\9:A\9@A\9:DE@\achdgaef_c]9E>=QmE96 36DE W:7 ?@E E96 36DEX C2AA6CD :? 9:DE@CJk^2m[ H9@ 42? 92G6 7F? H9:=6 56=:G6C:?8 A@:8?2?E @3D6CG2E:@?D 2?5 5:77:4F=E ECFE9D]k^Am
- Brian Ach // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 4, 1981
- Essential listening: “ Formation” (2016)
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i pC:2?2 vC2?56[ $2> $>:E9[ }:4<: |:?2;[ {25J v282k^Am
kAmq6J@?4é 8@E 96C DE2CE 2D 2 E66?286C :? s6DE:?J’D r9:=5[ H9:49 :? :ED @H? C:89E H2D @?6 @7 E96 36DE\D6==:?8 8:C= 8C@FAD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ] $96 7@C865 @FE @? 96C @H? H:E9 “s2?86C@FD=J :? {@G6” :? a__b] pD 96C DF446DD 8C6H D@ E@@ 5:5 96C >6DD28:?8[ H9:49 4F=>:?2E65 :? a_`e H:E9 E96 6A:4 “{6>@?256[” 96C D:IE9 DEF5:@ 2=3F>] %92E C64@C5[ H9:49 6IA=@C6D E96>6D @7 72>:=J 9:DE@CJ[ A@=:E:4D[ C6=2E:@?D9:AD[ 2?5 :?7:56=:EJ[ 42>6 2=@?8D:56 2? 9@FC\=@?8 2CE 7:=>]k^Am
- Larry Busacca/PW18 // Getty Images
- Born: June 17, 1987
- Essential listening: “Love.” (Feat. Zacari, 2017)
kAm#2AA6C z6?5C:4< {2>2C 3642>6 E96 7:CDE C2A 2CE:DE E@ 36 2H2C565 E96 !F=:EK6C !C:K6 7@C |FD:4 :? a_`g 7@C 9:D 7@FCE9 DEF5:@ 2=3F>[ “sp|}]” pE ;FDE ba J62CD @=5[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^<6?5C:4<\=2>2CQm{2>2C 92D 2=C625J 62C?65 `b vC2>>JDk^2m 2?5 2 ?@5 7C@> %:>6 >282K:?6 2D @?6 @7 E96 `__ >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= A6@A=6 :? E96 H@C=5] w6 :D H:56=J 4@?D:56C65 @?6 @7 9:D 86?6C2E:@?’D >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD[ 2?5 2D 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^86?:FD]4@>^5:D4FDD:@?D^`eca_e\d\H2JD\<6?5C:4<\=2>2C\492?865\E96\82>6QmD@?8HC:E6C 2?5 AC@5F46C[ 96’D 2=C625J 96=A:?8 E@ 49FC? @FE 2?5 56G6=@A ?6H E2=6?Ek^2m[ 7C@> p3\$@F= E@ $K2]k^Am
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- Santiago Bluguermann // Getty Images
- Born: March 20, 1915
- Died: Oct. 9, 1973
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- Tony Evans/Timelapse Library Ltd. // Getty Images
There is no American music that doesn’t have Black roots. From country-western, which draws upon banjo music from Africa, to rock ‘n’ roll, begun by a Black woman playing electric guitar in 1938, American music can’t be separated out from its rich history of diversity and experimentation.
Every artist transforms his or her medium simply by working in it, and it so follows that every musician changes the art form slightly just by creating and performing songs. But throughout American history, there are examples of artists who have been so transformative as to change musical genres themselves. Other times, artists unwittingly create new genres—whether Fela Kuti with Afrobeat, Frankie Knuckles with house music, or Fats Domino with ska.
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- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: 1868 (approximate—actual birth date unknown)
- Died: April 1, 1917
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kAmy@A=:? 3J `h`e H2D DF776C:?8 7C@> 25G2?465 DE286D @7 DJA9:=:D[ H9:49 9:DE@C:2?D DFC>:D6 96 4@?EC24E65 564256D 62C=:6C] w6 H2D 9@DA:E2=:K65 :? `h`f[ >@G65 E@ 2 >6?E2= :?DE:EFE:@?[ 2?5 5:65 pAC:= ` @7 E92E J62C]k^Am
- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 4, 1901
- Died: July 6, 1971
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 15, 1894
- Died: Sept. 26, 1937
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- Anthony Barboza // Getty Images
- Born: May 8, 1911
- Died: Aug. 16, 1938
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- Delta Haze Corporation // Wikimedia Commons
- Born: March 20, 1915
- Died: Oct. 9, 1973
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- Tony Evans/Timelapse Library Ltd. // Getty Images
- Born: April 29, 1899
- Died: May 24, 1974
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: April 7, 1915
- Died: July 17, 1959
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: July 8, 1908
- Died: Feb. 4, 1975
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- Bettmann // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 10, 1917
- Died: Feb. 17, 1982
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- David Redfern // Getty Images
- Born: March 17, 1919
- Died: February 15, 1965
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- Imagno // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 25, 1938
- Died: Jan. 20, 2012
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- Andrew Putler// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 16, 1925
- Died: May 14, 2015
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- Estate Of Keith Morris // Getty Images
- Born: Oct. 18, 1926
- Died: March 18, 2017
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1930
- Died: June 10, 2004
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- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Born: May 26, 1926
- Died: Sept. 28, 1991
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “$@ (92E” W`hdhXk^Am
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- Jack Vartoogian // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 21, 1933
- Died: April 21, 2003
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- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 26, 1928
- Died: Oct. 24, 2017
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Jan. 22, 1931
- Died: Dec. 11, 1964
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: June 3, 1942
- Died: Dec. 26, 1999
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- Frans Schellekens // Getty Images
- Founding members: O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley
- Essential listening: “Go for Your Guns” (1977)
kAm\ (9@ E96J :?DA:C65i %96 q62E=6D[ |:4926= y24<D@?[ t2CE9[ (:?5 U2>Aj u:C6[ $2=E\?\!6A2[ z@@= U2>Aj E96 v2?8[ !C:?46[ q@JK xx |6?[ z6?5C:4< {2>2Ck^Am
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- Chris Ware // Getty Images
- Born: March 26, 1944
- Essential listening: “I’m Coming Out” (1980)
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i |2CJ y] q=:86[ q6J@?4é[ (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ #@36CE2 u=24<[ %@?: qC2IE@?[ sFDEJ $AC:?87:6=5[ |2C:29 r2C6J[ |:4926= y24<D@?k^Am
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- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Born: May 13, 1950
- Essential listening: “Sir Duke” (1976)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i y@9? {686?5[ tCJ<29 q25F[ s’p?86=@[ z2?J6 (6DE[ |:4926= y24<D@?[ {2FCJ? w:==[ !C:?46k^Am
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- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: May 3, 1933
- Died: Dec. 25, 2006
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kAmqC@H? 2=D@ 3C@F89E @FE 9:D 42A6 3:E 7@C E9:D EF?6 H96? 96 A6C7@C>65 :E Wk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGl{"5|+`BC?e<Qm2 D49E:4< E92E 92D E@ 36 D66? E@ 36 ECF=J 2AAC64:2E65k^2mX[ :? H9:49 96 CF?D 9:>D6=7 C28865 @? DE286 F?E:= 2 42A6 :D AFE @G6C 9:D D9@F=56CD 2?5 qC@H? :D 8F:565 2H2J—@?=J 7@C qC@H? E@ E@DD E96 42A6 @77 :? 5C2>2E:4 72D9:@? 2?5 C6EFC? E@ E96 >:4C@A9@?6] %96 D46?6 E9C:==65 2F5:6?46D 2?5 H2D @?6 96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlve$B5p&BH'HQmC6A62E65 E9C@F89@FE 9:D 564256D\DA2??:?8 42C66Ck^2m] p?5[ A6C92AD >@DE E6==:?8=J[ C64@C5 =236=D 2E 7:CDE H6C6 D@ AFE @77 3J E96 8C:EE:?6DD @7 E96 D@?8 H96? 96 3682? A6C7@C>:?8 :E :? `hdc E92E qC@H? H6?E F?D:8?65 F?E:= `hde H96? z:?8 #64@C5D E@@< 2 492?46 2?5 D6E E96 w2C56DE (@C<:?8 |2? :? $9@H qFD:?6DD :? >@E:@? 2?5[ 2C8F23=J[ 492?865 D@F= >FD:4 7@C6G6C H9:=6 D6EE:?8 E96 DE286 7@C 2 ?6H 86?C6 @7 >FD:4 42==65 9:A\9@A]k^Am
- Tom Copi // Getty Images
- Born: April 2, 1939
- Died: April 1, 1984
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- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
- Original members: David Ruffin (main lead singer), Paul Williams (secondary lead singer), Eddie Kendricks (first tenor lead singer), Melvin Franklin (bass lead singer)
- Essential listening: “My Girl” (1964)
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- Michael Ochs Archives// Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 23, 1926
- Died: July 17, 1967
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- JP Jazz Archive // Getty Images
- Born: March 25, 1942
- Died: Aug. 16, 2018
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- Michael Ochs Archives // Getty Images
- Born: Nov. 27, 1942
- Died: Sept. 18, 1970
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- Evening Standard // Getty Images
- Born: Feb. 6, 1945
- Died: May 11, 1981
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kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i x>>@CE2= %649?:BF6[ %96 !@=:46[ +24 qC@H? q2?5[ +:88J |2C=6Jk^Am
kAmq@3 |2C=6J D@=5 >@C6 E92? a_ >:==:@? C64@C5D 2?5 8@6D 5@H? :? 9:DE@CJ 2D 36:?8 E96 7:CDE H@C=5H:56 DF446DD E@ 4@>6 7C@> E96 “%9:C5 (@C=5]” pD 2? 2>32DD25@C 7@C C68826 >FD:4[ 96 96=A65 E@ DAC625 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]334]4@]F<^C6=:8:@?^C6=:8:@?D^C2DE272C:^36=:67D^36=:67D0`]D9E>=Qm#2DE272C:k^2m >6DD28:?8 E9C@F89 9:D D@?8D 2?5 D9@?6 2 DA@E=:89E @? y2>2:42 2?5 :ED A@=:E:4D] w6 255:E:@?2==J >256 C68826 >2:?DEC62>[ A2G:?8 E96 H2J 7@C :ED :?E6C?2E:@?2= A@AF=2C:EJ E9C@F89@FE E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D[ qC:E2:?[ 2?5 p7C:42]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bbcg^36DE\2?5\H@CDE\2=\A24:?@\>@G:6DQmq6DE 2?5 H@CDE p= !24:?@ >@G:6Dk^2mk^Am
- Gijsbert Hanekroot // Getty Images
- Born: April 16, 1955
- Esential listening: “Better Future” (with Mr. Green, 2019)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i p7C:<2 q2>322E22[ vC2?5>2DE6C u=2D9[ r9F4< s]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];29D@?:4]4@>^z@@=w6C4]9E>=Qmsy z@@= w6C4k^2m H2D 9@DE:?8 2 A2CEJ :? `hfb :? E96 qC@?I H96? 96 5:5 D@>6E9:?8 E92E 925 ?6G6C 366? 5@?6 367@C6i 2 E649?:BF6 96 42==65 E96 “|6CCJ\v@\#@F?5]” %@ AF== :E @77[ 96 FD65 EH@ EFC?E23=6D E@ DH:E49 36EH66? 3C62<362ED @7 y2>6D qC@H?’D “v:G6 xE &A ~C %FC? xE {@@D6[” |:4926= ':?6C’D “q@?8@ #@4<[” 2?5 q236 #FE9’D “%96 |6I:42?]” %96 C6DF=E H2D >@56C?\52J 9:A\9@A 2D H6 <?@H :E]k^Am
- Jemal Countess // Getty Images
- Original members: Maurice White (vocals, kalimba, drums, percussion), Verdine White (bass, percussion, vocals), Philip Bailey (vocals, conga, percussion, kalimba), Ralph Johnson (drums, percussion, vocals), B. David Whitworth (percussion, vocals), Myron McKinley (keyboards, musical director), John Paris (drums, vocals), Philip Bailey Jr. (vocals)
- Essential listening: “Sing a Song” (1975)
kAm\ (9@ E96J :?DA:C65i q6J@?4é[ s27E !F?<[ #:4< y2>6D[ #:92??2[ |:4926= y24<D@?[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ ~FE<2DE[ !C:?46[ xD224 w2J6D[ rFCE:D |2J7:6=5k^Am
kAmt2CE9[ (:?5 U2>Aj u:C6 Wt(uX DE2?5D 2=@?6 2D E96 3:886DE 7F?< 32?5 6G6C[ H:E9 EC24<D E92E D9@E E@ E96 E@A @7 E96 492CED E9C@F89@FE E96 ‘f_D] %96 8C@FA H2D :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]C@4<92==]4@>^:?5F4E66D^62CE9\H:?5\2?5\7:C6Qm#@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6k^2m :? a___[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^62CE9\H:?5\7:C6Qm62C?65 D:I vC2>>JDk^2m[ 2?5 D@=5 >@C6 E92? h_ >:==:@? 2=3F>D ;FDE :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D] t(u DE2J65 29625 @7 E96 E:>6D[ :?4@CA@C2E:?8 5:D4@[ 7F?<[ ;2KK[ 5@@\H@A[ D@F=[ {2E:?[ 2?5 A@A :?E@ E96:C EC24<D @G6C E96 J62CD] p55:E:@?2= 6G:56?46 @7 E96 32?5’D =2DE:?8 =6824J :D 2AA2C6?E :? 9@H >2?J 2CE:DED 3@CC@H t(u EC24<Di tG6CJ@?6 7C@> !F3=:4 t?6>J E@ {{ r@@= y 92G6 D2>A=65 EF?6D 7C@> E96 32?5’D DE2886C:?8 42E2=@8]k^Am
- Michael Putland // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 29, 1958
- Died: June 25, 2009
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “%9C:==6C” W`hgaXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ qC:E?6J $A62CD[ qCF?@ |2CDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:@8C2A9J]4@>^?6HD^>:4926=\;24<D@?\:4@?:4\>@>6?EDQm|:4926= y24<D@?k^2m’D 4@?7=:4E65 9:DE@CJ 42? >2<6 :E 5:77:4F=E @C F?D66>=J E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?JE:>6D]4@>^a_`h^_b^_g^A@542DED^E96\52:=J^>:4926=\;24<D@?\23FD6\=62G:?8\?6G6C=2?5]9E>=Qm2AAC64:2E6 E96 :CC6G6CD:3=6 :>A24E 96 925 @? E@52J’D >FD:4k^2m] x? 9:D >FD:42= 42C66C[ y24<D@? 3C@<6 E96 4@=@C 32CC:6C 3J 36:?8 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]4??]4@>^a__h^$w~(qx+^|FD:4^_e^ag^>:4926=];24<D@?]3=24<]4@>>F?:EJ^Qm7:CDE q=24< 2CE:DE @? |%'k^2m H:E9 9:D “q:==:6 y62?” G:56@j 96 56E6C>:?65 2 ?6H >6E9@5 @7 AC@5F4E:@? 2?5 AC@>@E:@? H:E9 “%9C:==6Cj” 2?5 96 E@@< 9@>6 9F?5C65D @7 2H2C5D] w6 2=D@ 7@==@H65 :? E96 7@@EDE6AD @7 8C62ED =:<6 }2E z:?8 r@=6[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>65:F>]4@>^o2=J]H:=3FC?^E96\<:?8\@7\A@A\9@H\>:4926=\;24<D@?\C6G@=FE:@?:K65\E96\>FD:4\:?5FDECJ\7h__gf55ahagQmAFD9:?8 E96 3@F?52C:6D @7 H92E C@=6D q=24< >6? 4@F=5 2446AE23=J @44FAJ :? p>6C:42? D@4:6EJk^2m[ H96E96C 25@C65[ H2?E65[ @C C636==:@FD]k^Am
- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: June 7, 1958
- Died: April 21, 2016
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “!FCA=6 #2:?” W`hgcXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i s’p?86=@[ q6J@?4é[ uC2?< ~462?[ $:?625 ~’r@??@C[ yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ q64<[ #:92??2[ y2?6==6 |@?á6k^Am
kAm!C:?46’D >FD:42= 6IA6C:>6?E2E:@? EC2?D7@C>65 C@4<[ 7F?<[ A@A[ 2?5 ?6H H2G6 >FD:4] w6 H2D f H96? 96 HC@E6 9:D 7:CDE D@?8[ “uF?< |249:?6[” 2?5 FD65 ?@E ;FDE 9:D D@=@ 42C66C E@ :>A24E 9@H >FD:4 H2D A24<2865 2?5 C646:G65[ 3FE 9:D H@C< 2D 2 4@==23@C2E@C 2?5 AC@5F46C] t2C=J :? 9:D 42C66C[ D@>6 @7 9:D >@DE 2>3:E:@FD H@C<D =:<6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@<2JA=2J6C]4@>^@C:8:?2=D^AC:?46\36DE\D@?8\32?5\25>:C65\6?G:65]9E>=Qmfff\hb``k^2m” H6C6 FD65 :? @E96C 8C@FAD =:<6 %96 %:>6[ :? H9:49 !C:?46 D2?8 324<:?8 G@42=D 2?5 A=2J65 2== E96 :?DECF>6?ED] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]6G6CJE9:?8K@@>6C]4@>^2CED\6?E6CE2:?>6?E^a_`f^_e^_f^7:G6\H2JD\AC:?46\492?865\>FD:4^Qm}@ @?6 925 962C5 2?JE9:?8 =:<6 !C:?46 367@C6 96 42>6 2=@?8k^2m—3FE 7@C6G6C 27E6C[ J@F 4@F=5 962C 9:D =6824J :? EF?6D 7C@> 24ED 2D H:56\C2?8:?8 2D q64< 2?5 yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^bb`b^36DE\D6==:?8\3@@<\D6C:6D\2==\E:>6Qmq6DE\D6==:?8 3@@< D6C:6D @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Neil Lupin // Getty Images
- Born: Aug. 1, 1960
- Essential listening: “ Fight the Power” (1987)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i |@D s67[ %C:36 r2==65 "F6DEk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E968F2C5:2?]4@>^>FD:4^a_`f^?@G^`h^49F4<\5\:?E6CG:6H\9:A\9@A\724E\3@@<\AF3=:4\6?6>JQmr9F4< s]k^2m—AC@=:7:4 AC@5F46C[ 24E:G:DE[ 2?5 C2AA6C—@?46 72>@FD=J 42==65 !F3=:4 t?6>J[ E96 C2A 8C@FA 96 7@C>65[ E96 “r}} 7@C q=24< A6@A=6]” %92E’D 3642FD6 :? E96 =2E6 ‘g_D[ E96 >2DD6D 925 E@ =@@< E@ 9:A\9@A E@ 4@G6C C24:2= 5:DA2C:E:6D :? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6[ E96 AC:D@?\:?5FDEC:2= 4@>A=6I[ A@G6CEJ[ AC@7:=:?8[ 2?5 A@=:46 3CFE2=:EJ] r9F4< s] 96=A65 E@ DEC6?8E96? 2 4F=EFC6 @7 9:A\9@A E92E H@C<65 7@C D@4:2= 492?86 2?5 :?DA:C65 2 86?6C2E:@? @7 2CE:DED]k^Am
- David Corio // Getty Images
- Born: May 16, 1966
- Essential listening: “ Rhythm Nation” (1989)
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i qC2?5J[ q6J@?4é[ #:92??2[ |2C:29 r2C6J[ $A:46 v:C=D[ y@9? {686?5[ qC:E?6J $A62CD[ r9C:DE:?2 p8F:=6C2[ yFDE:? %:>36C=2<6[ q=24< z6JDk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E962E=2?E:4]4@>^6?E6CE2:?>6?E^2C49:G6^a_`c^_h^E96\H@C=5\492?8:?8\2DA:C2E:@?D\@7\C9JE9>\?2E:@?\`g`c^bg_`cc^Qmy2?6E y24<D@?k^2m 9:E 96C A62< 2=@?8D:56 76==@H 962GJH6:89ED (9:E?6J w@FDE@?[ |25@??2[ 2?5 %:?2 %FC?6C[ 3FE >2?2865 ?6G6CE96=6DD E@ 42CG6 @FE 96C @H? 9:89=J DA64:7:4 C@=6 :? p>6C:42? >FD:4 E92E H@F=5 36 7@C6G6C :>:E2E65 J6E ?6G6C 5FA=:42E65] $96 H2D 23=6 E@ C6249 =:DE6?6CD @7 2== C246D 2?5 324<8C@F?5D 2?5 6G6CJ 286 8C@FA[ 92D D@=5 >@C6 E92? `__ >:==:@? C64@C5D[ 2?5 H@? 5@K6?D @7 244@=256D 7C@> vC2>>JD E@ p>6C:42? |FD:4 2H2C5D]k^Am
kAmw6C `hgh 2=3F> “#9JE9> }2E:@?” DE2?5D 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE D:8?:7:42?E @7 :ED 6C2[ H:E9 :ED E:E=6 EC24< 56D4C:365 3J y24<D@? 96CD6=7 2D “E96 ?2E:@?2= 2?E96> 7@C E96 ‘h_D]” uC@> A@=:E:42= >6DD28:?8 2?5 DEF??:?8 52?46 C@FE:?6D E@ 96C 23:=:EJ E@ EC2?D46?5 86?C6D WE649?@\D@F=\C@4<\A@A 2?5 324< 282:?X[ y24<D@? D6E ?6H DE2?52C5D 7@C >FD:4 G:56@D[ 52?46 49@C6@8C2A9J[ 2?5 3C62<:?8 D6IF2= E23@@D] w6C =6824J 4@?E:?F6D E@ C6G6C36C2E6 E9C@F89@FE >FD:42= 86?C6D 2D 72C\7=F?8 2D :?5:6 C@4< 2?5 #U2>Ajq]k^Am
- Christopher Polk // Getty Images
- Born: June 16, 1971
- Died: Sept. 13, 1996
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “s62C |2>2” W`hhdXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ y2?6E y24<D@?[ t>:?6>[ yFDE:? q:636C[ sC2<6k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^`_d`E963@F?46]4@>^a_`f^_e^`e^9@H\EFA24\D92<FC\492?865\9:A\9@A\7@C6G6C^Qm%FA24 $92<FCk^2m H2D E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 2CE:DE E@ C64@C5 2 5@F3=6 2=3F> 2?5[ :? a_`f[ 96 A@DE9F>@FD=J 3642>6 E96 7:CDE D@=@ C2AA6C E@ 36 :?5F4E65 :?E@ E96 #@4< U2>Aj #@== w2== @7 u2>6] w6 :D C6G6C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ 2?5 =67E 9:D :?56=:3=6 >2C< @? p>6C:42? 4F=EFC6 ?@E ;FDE 2D 2 C2AA6C H:E9 `` A=2E:?F>\D6==:?8 2=3F>D 2?5 H@C=5H:56 ?@E@C:6EJ[ 3FE 2=D@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96D@FC46]4@>^a_`e^_e^`e^EFA24\D92<FC\E96\AC@E@EJA6\@7\2\DEC66E\A@6E^Qm2D 2 A@6Ek^2m]k^Am
- Al Pereira // Getty Images
- Born: Dec. 4, 1969
- Essential listening: “Public Service Announcement” (2003)
kAm\ (9@ 96 :?DA:C65i z6?5C:4< {2>2C[ z2?J6 (6DEk^Am
kAm%96 DEF??:?8[ 2H2C5\DA64<=65 C:D6 @7 y2J\+ W$92H? r2CE6CX @G6C 9:D 564256D\=@?8 42C66C 3682? H:E9 9:D :?56A6?56?E=J C6=62D65 “#62D@?23=6 s@F3E” :? `hhe @? 9:D ?6H=J 4C62E65 =236=[ #@4\p\u6==2[ 2?5 4@?E:?F6D E@ E9:D 52J H:E9 E92E =236= >2<:?8 9:> E96 C:496DE >2? :? 9:A\9@A] w:D ?6E H@CE9 DE2?5D 2E 2C@F?5 S`]c 3:==:@?[ 244@C5:?8 E@ u@C36D[ H9:49 >2<6D 9:> E96 7:CDE 9:A\9@A 3:==:@?2:C6 :? 9:DE@CJ] w6 56>@?DEC2E6D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3FD:?6DD:?D:56C]4@>^;2J\K\?6E\H@CE9\a_`g\hQmG2DE C62496D @7 E@52J’D >FD:4 :?5FDECJk^2m[ H:E9 9:D 92?5D @G6C E96 J62CD :? 2 DEC62>:?8 D6CG:46[ 2=4@9@= 4@>A2?J[ 4=@E9:?8 =:?6[ DA@CED 4=F3[ 2?5 G2C:@FD 6?E6CE2:?>6?E =236=D] w:D D64C6En #6=J:?8 @? 9:>D6=7 E@ 3F:=5 9:D 3C2?5D 2?5 C2AA:?8 23@FE E92E H9:49 96 <?@HD >@DE 23@FEi 9:>D6=7] xE’D ?@E 2 DEC6E49 E@ D2J 96’D 36=:6G65 E@ 36 2>@?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@A>2EE6CD]4@>^`e`fff\:?\5676?D6\@7\;2J\K\2D\E96\>@DE\:>A@CE2?E\A6CD@?\:?\9:A\9@A\9:DE@\achdgaef_c]9E>=QmE96 36DE W:7 ?@E E96 36DEX C2AA6CD :? 9:DE@CJk^2m[ H9@ 42? 92G6 7F? H9:=6 56=:G6C:?8 A@:8?2?E @3D6CG2E:@?D 2?5 5:77:4F=E ECFE9D]k^Am
- Brian Ach // Getty Images
- Born: Sept. 4, 1981
- Essential listening: “ Formation” (2016)
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i pC:2?2 vC2?56[ $2> $>:E9[ }:4<: |:?2;[ {25J v282k^Am
kAmq6J@?4é 8@E 96C DE2CE 2D 2 E66?286C :? s6DE:?J’D r9:=5[ H9:49 :? :ED @H? C:89E H2D @?6 @7 E96 36DE\D6==:?8 8:C= 8C@FAD :? p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ] $96 7@C865 @FE @? 96C @H? H:E9 “s2?86C@FD=J :? {@G6” :? a__b] pD 96C DF446DD 8C6H D@ E@@ 5:5 96C >6DD28:?8[ H9:49 4F=>:?2E65 :? a_`e H:E9 E96 6A:4 “{6>@?256[” 96C D:IE9 DEF5:@ 2=3F>] %92E C64@C5[ H9:49 6IA=@C6D E96>6D @7 72>:=J 9:DE@CJ[ A@=:E:4D[ C6=2E:@?D9:AD[ 2?5 :?7:56=:EJ[ 42>6 2=@?8D:56 2? 9@FC\=@?8 2CE 7:=>]k^Am
- Larry Busacca/PW18 // Getty Images
- Born: June 17, 1987
- Essential listening: “Love.” (Feat. Zacari, 2017)
kAm#2AA6C z6?5C:4< {2>2C 3642>6 E96 7:CDE C2A 2CE:DE E@ 36 2H2C565 E96 !F=:EK6C !C:K6 7@C |FD:4 :? a_`g 7@C 9:D 7@FCE9 DEF5:@ 2=3F>[ “sp|}]” pE ;FDE bc J62CD @=5[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]8C2>>J]4@>^8C2>>JD^2CE:DED^<6?5C:4<\=2>2CQm{2>2C 92D 2=C625J 62C?65 `b vC2>>JDk^2m 2?5 2 ?@5 7C@> %:>6 >282K:?6 2D @?6 @7 E96 `__ >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= A6@A=6 :? E96 H@C=5] w6 :D H:56=J 4@?D:56C65 @?6 @7 9:D 86?6C2E:@?’D >@DE :?7=F6?E:2= C2AA6CD[ 2?5 2D 2 D@?8HC:E6C 2?5 AC@5F46C[ 96’D 2=C625J 96=A65 E@ 49FC? @FE 2?5 56G6=@A ?6H E2=6?E[ 7C@> p3\$@F= E@ $K2]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m*@F >2J 2=D@ =:<6ik^DEC@?8m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E96DE24<6C]4@>^DE@C:6D^`dgf^`__\36DE\>@G:6D\2==\E:>6Qm`__ 36DE >@G:6D @7 2== E:>6k^2mk^Am
- Santiago Bluguermann // Getty Images
- KMazur // Getty Images
- Born: April 25, 1917
- Died: June 15, 1996
kAm\ tDD6?E:2= =:DE6?:?8i “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^H2E49nGlC}_HH`~Kt@*Qmp:C |2:= $A64:2=k^2m” W`hdfXk^Am
kAm\ (9@ D96 :?DA:C65i p56=6[ {25J v282[ {2?2 s6= #6Jk^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]6==27:EK86C2=5]4@>^23@FE^3:@8C2A9JQmt==2 u:EK86C2=5k^2m 42CC:65 E96 5:DE:?4E:@? @7 36:?8 E96 >@DE 72>@FD H@>2? ;2KK D:?86C :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D 7@C >@C6 E92? d_ J62CD] $96 D@=5 >@C6 E92? c_ >:==:@? 2=3F>D[ H@? `b vC2>>JD[ H2D 2H2C565 E96 }2E:@?2= |652= @7 E96 pCED 3J !C6D:56?E #@?2=5 #6282?[ 2?5 H:== 7@C6G6C 36 C6>6>36C65 2D @?6 @7 E96 8C62E6DE D42E D:?86CD :? 9:DE@CJ] w6C 7:?86CAC:?ED 2C6 2== @G6C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]334]4@]F<^AC@8C2>>6D^2CE:4=6D^d>>3r(+_{gg9Awr'!wH!cv=^e\>@56C?\2CE:DED\H6\H@F=5?E\92G6\H:E9@FE\6==2\7:EK86C2=5Qm>@56C?\52J A@A DE2CDk^2m[ 3FE u:EK86C2=5—H9@ 5C6H @? 36\3@A :?7=F6?46D =:<6 r92C=:6 !2C<6C 2?5 s:KKJ v:==6DA:6 2?5 C64@C565 >@C6 E92? a__ 2=3F>D E9C@F89@FE 96C =:76—92D 7FCE96C AC@G:565 :?DA:C2E:@? E@ 4@F?E=6DD A6@A=6 7@C 96C A6CD6G6C2?46 :? @G6C4@>:?8 =:76’D @3DE24=6D 7C@> A@G6CEJ 2?5 C24:D> E@ 8C:67 2?5 92C5D9:A]k^Am
- Paul Natkin // Getty Images
